Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda (2025)
Chapter: 3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications
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Previous Chapter:
2 State of the Art, Promises, and Risks of Machine Learning
Next Chapter: 4 A Research Agenda to Bridge Machine Learning and Safety Engineering
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
Suggested Citation:
"3 System Engineering with Machine Learning Components for Safety-Critical Applications." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27970.
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