Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda (2025)

Chapter: 1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning

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Page 11 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 12 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 13 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 14 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 14
Page 15 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 15
Page 16 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 16
Page 17 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 17
Page 18 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
Save
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Page 18
Page 19 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 19
Page 20 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 20
Page 21 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 21
Page 22 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
Save
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Page 22
Page 23 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
Save
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Page 23
Page 24 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
Save
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Page 24
Page 25 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
Save
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Page 25
Page 26 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
Save
Cancel
Page 26
Page 27 Cite
Suggested Citation: "1 Engineering Safety-Critical Systems in the Age of Machine Learning." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27970.
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Page 27
Next Chapter: 2 State of the Art, Promises, and Risks of Machine Learning
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