APPENDIX B—AGENCY SURVEY

Dear Survey Recipient,

The TRB is preparing guidelines for Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements Due to the Presence of Water. This is being done through NCHRP Project 01-54.

The purpose of this questionnaire is to solicit input on best practices for minimizing damage of asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water. The survey results will help to identify specific pavement features and practices used successfully by agency personnel, and to identify agencies that have employed unique or innovative practices with high potential for success.

This survey is being sent to the Pavement Design Engineers at all US SHAs and Canadian Provincial Governments. It includes questions related to roadway geometry, drainage design, pavement structural design, materials, construction, maintenance, preservation, and rehabilitation activities. Your thoughtful and complete responses are very important, as they will lead to improved guidance on mitigating moisture-related pavement damage, which in turn will improve pavement performance and reduce pavement life-cycle costs.

QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS

• Please complete and submit the online survey by November 14, 2014. We estimate that it should take approximately 30 to 45 minutes to complete. If you have any questions or problems related to this questionnaire, please contact Dr. Linda Pierce, Principal Investigator.
• If you are unable to complete the questionnaire during one sitting, you must click on the “save and continue” ribbon to obtain a link to reenter your survey. If you did not obtain a link in this manner, contact us for an edit link.
• If the survey requires completion by multiple people in your agency, the first respondent should complete their portion of the survey, click the “save and continue survey later” at the bottom of the screen, enter their email address, and upon receipt of the email with the edit link, forward to the next respondent. Alternatively, you may each fill out your portion of the survey individually and once the survey is closed, the Principal Investigator will combine the surveys from each individual for a single agency response. If any discrepancies exist, the agency will be contacted for clarification.
• Survey navigation is conducted by selecting the “back” (previous) or “next” button at the bottom of each survey page.
• We are interested in innovative and effective methods for minimizing pavement damage due to the presence of water. If you are aware of innovative and effective methods, please indicate where appropriate or in the comment section at the end of the survey.

Thank you for your time and for sharing your expertise in completing this important questionnaire.

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions are used in conjunction with this questionnaire:

• Asphalt pavement includes an AC layer(s) over treated or untreated base(s) over treated or untreated subgrade. Unless otherwise noted, reference to an asphalt pavement in this survey implies all pavement layers (asphalt layers, base layers, and subgrade).

• Composite pavement includes an AC surface layer(s) over concrete pavement over treated o untreated base(s) over treated or untreated subgrade. Unless otherwise noted, reference to a composite pavement in this survey implies all pavement layers (asphalt layers, concrete layer, base layers, and subgrade).
• Edge drain consist of a subsurface, longitudinal piping system with lateral outlet pipes located at the pavement edge with the intended purpose of removing infiltrated surface water and groundwater.
• Fin drain consist of prefabricated geocomposite material (structural core and geosynthetic cover) placed vertically adjacent to the pavement edge and a piping system to drain water from the base, subbase, and subgrade.
• New construction refers to the construction or reconstruction of a new pavement section from subgrade to wearing surface.
• Preservation is “a program employing a network-level, long-term strategy that enhances pavement [or drainage] performance by using an integrated, cost-effective set of practices that extend pavement [or drainage system] life, improve safety and meet motorist expectations.” Source: FHWA Pavement Preservation Expert Task Group.
• Preventive maintenance is “a planned strategy of cost-effective treatments to an existing roadway [or drainage] system and its appurtenances that preserves the system, slows future deterioration, and maintains or improves the functional condition of the system (without significantly increasing the structural capacity).” Source: AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways, 1997.
• Rehabilitation consists of “structural enhancements that extend the service life of an existing [drainage system], pavement and/or improve its load-carrying capacity. Rehabilitation techniques include restoration treatments and structural overlays.” Source: AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance.
• Routine maintenance “consists of work that is planned and performed on a routine basis to maintain and preserve the condition of the highway [or drainage] system or to respond to specific conditions and events that restore the highway system to an adequate level of service.” Source: AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance.
• Separator layer includes granular base materials or an appropriate geosynthetic placed to prevent mitigation of fine material from the subgrade into the pavement structure and deflect infiltrated water into a drainage system.
• Surface seals include fog seals, sand seals, and scrub seals.
• Underdrains remove water from cut sections and unexpected groundwater and are placed transversely under the roadway.

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Respondent details:
   • Name: _________________________________________
   • Title: _________________________________________
   • Agency: _________________________________________
   • Email: _________________________________________
   • Phone: _________________________________________
2. Has your agency experienced premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in newly constructed asphalt pavements due to the presence of water?
   • Yes
   • No
   • It was an issue in the past, but current practices have minimized the extent of damage. Please list practices that have had the most significant impact on resolving this issue.
     1. ______________________________________________
     2. ______________________________________________
     3. ______________________________________________
3. Has your agency experienced premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in rehabilitated asphalt pavements due to the presence of water?
   • Yes
   • No
   • It was an issue in the past, but current practices have minimized the extent of damage. Please list practices that have had the most significant impact on resolving this issue.
     1. ______________________________________________
     2. ______________________________________________
     3. ______________________________________________
4. Has your agency experienced premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in preservation activities of asphalt pavements due to the presence of water?
   • Yes
   • No
   • It was an issue in the past, but current practices have minimized the extent of damage. Please list practices that have had the most significant impact on resolving this issue.
     1. ______________________________________________
     2. ______________________________________________
     3. ______________________________________________
5. Has your agency experienced premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in newly constructed composite (asphalt over concrete) pavements due to the presence of water?
   • We do not construct new (asphalt over concrete) composite pavements
   • Yes
   • No
   • It was an issue in the past, but current practices have minimized the extent of damage. Please list practices that have had the most significant impact on resolving this issue.
     1. ______________________________________________
     2. ______________________________________________
     3. ______________________________________________

6. Has your agency experienced premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in rehabilitated composite (asphalt over concrete) pavements due to the presence of water?
   • Yes
   • No
   • It was an issue in the past, but current practices have minimized the extent of damage. Please list practices that have had the most significant impact on resolving this issue.
     1. ______________________________________________
     2. ______________________________________________
     3. ______________________________________________
7. Has your agency experienced premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in preservation activities of composite (asphalt over concrete) pavements due to the presence of water?
   • Yes
   • No
   • It was an issue in the past, but current practices have minimized the extent of damage. Please list practices that have had the most significant impact on resolving this issue.
     1. ______________________________________________
     2. ______________________________________________
     3. ______________________________________________
8. Does your agency have a checklist for designers to consider if/when special designs are warranted to mitigate existing moisture or potential moisture problems (e.g., bath tub sections or high water table)?
   • Yes, please provide/attach an electronic copy of the document to Dr. Pierce
   • No

ROADWAY GEOMETRY

9. What is your agency’s requirement for the maximum longitudinal grade?
   • Curbed roadways: __________ percent
   • Very flat terrain: __________ percent
   • Sag vertical curves: __________ percent
10. What is your agency’s minimum roadway cross-slope requirement?
    • All: __________ percent
    • Interstate: __________ percent
    • Principal arterials: __________ percent
    • Minor arterials: __________ percent
    • Collectors: __________ percent
    • Interstate shoulders: __________ percent
    • Principal arterial shoulders: __________ percent
    • Minor arterial shoulders: __________ percent
    • Collector shoulders: __________ percent
    • Crossover from superelevated curves to shoulders: __________ percent
    • Other (please specify): ____

DRAINAGE DESIGN

11. What pavement drainage design procedures are used by your agency (select all that apply)?
    • No specific procedure
    • Agency-based procedures
    • Rational Method
    • DRIP software
    • MnDrain software
    • PAVDRN software
    • PURDRAIN software
    • Other (please specify): __________________
12. What practices are used to determine outlet spacing?
    • No specific procedure (skip to question 14)
    • Infiltration discharge rate
    • Permeable base discharge rate
    • Time-to-drain discharge rate
    • Other (please specify):
    • What outlet spacing is typically used?
    • Please specify: ______________
13. What drainage features are used (select all that apply)?

    Feature	Interstate		Principal Arterial		Minor Arterial		Collector
    	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
    Ditches
    Curb and gutter
    Underdrain
    Edge drains
    Fin drains
    French drains
    Retrofit edge drains
    Aggregate permeable base
    Asphalt permeable base
    Cement permeable base
    Geosynthetic separator layer
    Daylighted base
    Open-graded friction course
    Permeable friction course
    Other (specify): __________

14. Are Standard Specifications/Special Provisions/Standard Plans available online for your drainage system?
    • Yes (please specify number: __________)
    • No, please provide/attach an electronic copy of the documents to Dr. Pierce.
    • Not available.

PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN

15. How do you address freeze/thaw considerations (select all that apply)?
    • Freeze/thaw is not an issue
    • Increase aggregate base thickness
    • Minimize percent passing No. 200 on aggregate base course
    • Include a free draining large stone granular layer
    • Include a non-frost-susceptible fill material over subgrade
    • Increase bound layer (e.g., asphalt, asphalt base, concrete) thickness
    • Impose spring load restrictions
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
16. How do you address weak soils (select all that apply)?
    • Weak soils are typically not an issue
    • Remove and replace with higher quality material
    • Increase aggregate base layer thickness
    • Increase concrete layer thickness (composite pavements)
    • Increase asphalt layer thickness
    • Stabilize weak soil (e.g., flyash, lime-, or cement-treated)
    • Place a geosynthetic
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
17. How do you address high or perched water tables (select all that apply)?
    • High or perched water tables are typically not a concern
    • Install culverts
    • Install edge drains
    • Increase depth of ditch
    • Other (please specify): ________________________

MATERIAL SELECTION

18. What material properties are specified for permeable aggregate base/aggregate separator layer (select all that apply)?
    • Do not use permeable aggregate base/aggregate separator layer
    • L.A. Abrasion (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Sodium Sulfate Soundness (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Magnesium Sulfate Soundness (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Non-plastic material
    • Aggregate gradation
      • AASHTO gradation no. (please specify criteria: __________) or
      • Please specify percent passing by sieve size:
        1-1/2 in: __________
        1 in: __________
        3/4 in: __________
        5/8 in: __________
        

18. • • 1/2 in: __________
      • 3/8 in: __________
      • 1/4 in: __________
      • No. 4: __________
      • No. 8: __________
      • No. 10: __________
      • No. 40: __________
      • No. 80: __________
      • No. 100: __________
      • No. 200: __________
    • Coefficient of Uniformity (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Coefficient of Permeability (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Angularity (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Number of fractured faces (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
19. What material properties are specified for asphalt-treated permeable base (select all that apply)?
    • Do not use asphalt-treated permeable base
    • L.A. Abrasion (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Sodium Sulfate Soundness (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Magnesium Sulfate Soundness (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Non-plastic material
    • Aggregate gradation
      • AASHTO gradation no. (please specify criteria: __________) or
      • Minimum aggregate size (please specify criteria: __________) and
      • Maximum aggregate size (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Coefficient of Permeability (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Angularity (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Number of fractured faces (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Percent binder/cement content (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Lime or liquid antistripping agent (for asphalt permeable base)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
20. What material properties are specified for cement-treated permeable base (select all that apply)?
    • Do not use cement-treated permeable base
    • L.A. Abrasion (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Sodium Sulfate Soundness (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Magnesium Sulfate Soundness (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Non-plastic material
    • Aggregate gradation
      • AASHTO gradation no. (please specify criteria: __________) or
      • Minimum aggregate size (please specify criteria: __________) and
      • Maximum aggregate size (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Coefficient of Permeability (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Angularity (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Number of fractured faces (please specify criteria: __________ percent)

20. • Percent binder/cement content (please specify criteria: __________ percent)
    • Lime or liquid antistripping agent (for asphalt permeable base)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
21. What geosynthetic material properties are required (select all that apply)?
    • Do not use geosynthetics
    • Subgrade separation (please provide Standard Specification number: __________)
    • Subgrade stabilization (please provide Standard Specification number: __________)
    • Base reinforcement (please provide Standard Specification number: __________)
    • Overlay stress absorption and reinforcement (please provide Standard Specification number: __________)
    • Drainage system (please provide Standard Specification number: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
22. What are the predominant asphalt mixture types used by your agency (select all that apply)?
    • Dense-graded
    • Open-graded
    • Gap-graded
23. What methods are used to quantify moisture sensitivity of compacted asphalt mixes (select all that apply)?
    • No laboratory testing is conducted.
    • AASHTO T 165, Standard Method of Test for Effect of Water on Compressive Strength of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures (Please specify test result criteria: __________)
    • AASHTO T 283, Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage (Please specify test result criteria: __________)
    • AASHTO T 324, Standard Method of Test for Hamburg Wheel-Track Test of Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) (Please specify test result criteria: __________)
    • AASHTO T 340, Standard Method of Test for Determining Rutting Susceptibility of Hot-Mix Asphalt using the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (Please specify test result criteria: __________)
    • ASTM D4867, Standard Test Method for Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures (Please specify test result criteria: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
24. What asphalt mixture additives are either specified for use by your agency or used by the contractor to meet mix design requirements (select all that apply)?
    • Asphalt mixture additives are not used
    • Dry lime on wet aggregate (please specify amount: __________)
    • Lime slurry (please specify amount: __________)
    • Lime slurry and marination (please specify amount: __________)
    • Liquid anti-strip agents (please specify amount: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
25. When is asphalt mixture testing for moisture sensitivity conducted?
    • No testing is conducted
    • During mix design only

25. • During field acceptance only
    • During mix design and field acceptance
    • Other (please specify): ________________________

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

26. Does drainage system construction occur before or after pavement construction?
    • Drainage systems are not used
    • Before pavement construction, placed at pavement/shoulder edge
    • Before pavement construction, placed at edge of outside shoulder
    • After pavement construction, placed at pavement/shoulder edge (retrofitted)
    • After pavement construction, placed at edge of outside shoulder
    • Contractor option
    • Does your agency specification include inspection and repair of all drainage deficiencies prior to acceptance?
      • Yes (please provide the Standard Specification number: __________).
      • No
27. What methods are used during subgrade preparation?
    • No testing is conducted
    • Proof rolling
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Moisture content (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
28. What methods are used to control permeable aggregate base/aggregate separator layer placement (select all that apply)?
    • Do not use permeable aggregate base/aggregate separator layer
    • Layer thickness
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Aggregate gradation
    • Permeability/drainability (please specify criteria:__________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
29. What methods are used to control permeable asphalt-treated base placement (select all that apply)?
    • Do not use permeable asphalt-treated base
    • Placement temperature (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Compaction temperature (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Layer thickness
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Aggregate gradation

29. • Binder content (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Permeability/drainability (please specify criteria:__________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
30. What methods are used to control cement-treated permeable base placement (select all that apply)?
    • Do not use cement-treated permeable base
    • Layer thickness
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Aggregate gradation
    • Cement content (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Curing method
      • None
      • Polyethylene sheeting
      • Fine mist curing
      • Curing compound
      • Other (please specify): __________)
    • Permeability/drainability (please specify criteria:__________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
31. What methods are used to verify asphalt mixture in-place density (select all that apply)?
    • Cores
    • Nuclear density gauge
    • Non-nuclear density gauge (please specify equipment type: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________

PAVEMENT CONDITION ASSESSMENT

32. What asphalt pavement distresses indicate damage due to the presence of water in your state (select all that apply)?

    Distress/Condition	New	Rehabilitation	Preservation
    Alligator cracking
    Bleeding
    Delamination
    Heaving
    Increased roughness
    Longitudinal cracking
    Patching
    Potholes
    Pumping
    Raveling
    Transverse cracking
    Rutting
    Segregation

32. Distress/Condition	New	Rehabilitation	Preservation
    Stripping
    Other (specify): __________

33. What composite pavement distresses indicate damage due to the presence of water in your state (select all that apply)?

    Distress/Condition	New	Rehabilitation	Preservation
    Alligator cracking
    Bleeding
    Delamination
    Increased roughness
    Longitudinal cracking
    Patching
    Potholes
    Pumping
    Raveling
    Reflection cracking
    Rutting
    Segregation
    Stripping
    Other (specify): __________

34. What methods are used to assess whether or not pavement distress is due to the presence of water (select all that apply)?
    • Notification of issue from agency personnel
    • Pavement condition survey (please identify what distress are used to indicate damage due to the presence of water: _____________________________________________)
    • Coring
    • Trench studies
    • Records review (e.g., drainage and pavement design reports, construction records)
    • Nondestructive testing
      • FWD
      • Impact echo
      • GPR
      • Other (please specify: _______________)
    • Laboratory testing of asphalt samples (e.g., air voids, permeability, stripping, moisture content)
    • Triggered/identified by pavement management system due to accelerated distress
    • Other (please specify): ________________________

DRAINAGE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES

35. What drainage preventive maintenance activities are conducted on drainage systems (select all that apply)?
    • Preventive maintenance is not routinely conducted
    • Video inspection of edge drains (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Inspect outlet pipes and pipe systems (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Flush edge drains (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Unplug outlets, filters, and drains (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Mow around outlet pipes (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Repair/replace components (e.g., outlets, pipes, filters, drains, outlet markers) as necessary
    • Clean roadside ditches (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Deepen roadside ditches (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Mow and clean roadside ditches (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Remove debris from culverts (please specify frequency: __________)

PAVEMENT PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION ACTIVITIES

36. What pavement treatments are used to minimize damage in asphalt pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Crack sealing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Surface seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Chip seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Microsurfacing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Thin asphalt overlay (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
37. What treatments are used to minimize damage in composite pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Crack sealing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Surface seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Chip seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Microsurfacing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Thin asphalt overlay (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ________________________
38. Do you include drainage retrofit as part of a preservation project?
    • Yes (please specify what activities might be conducted: ______________________)
    • No

PAVEMENT REHABILITATION CONSIDERATIONS

39. What treatments are used to address damage in asphalt pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Asphalt overlay
    • Unbonded concrete overlay
    • Asphalt overlay and saw and seal
    • Mill and asphalt overlay
    • Mill, asphalt overlay, and saw and seal
    • Cold in-place recycling
    • Hot in-place recycling
    • Reconstruction
    • Retrofit edge drains
    • Other (please specify): ____________________________
40. What treatments does your agency apply to address damage in composite pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Asphalt overlay
    • Asphalt overlay and saw and seal
    • Mill and asphalt overlay
    • Mill, asphalt overlay, and saw and seal
    • Hot in-place recycling
    • Reconstruction
    • Retrofit edge drains
    • Other (please specify): ____________________________

OVERALL ASSESSMENT

41. What are the most common activities used by your agency to mitigate damage to asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water (select all that apply)? Rate on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective).

    Feature	Effectiveness
    	1 (ineffective)	2	3	4	5 (effective)
    Asphalt mixture additives
    Asphalt mixture aggregate quality
    Asphalt mixture air void content (in-place density)
    Asphalt mixture binder content
    Asphalt mixture type (e.g., open-graded, dense-grade, gap-graded)
    Base type (treated versus untreated)
    Pavement drainage design
    Pavement age considerations
    Traffic level considerations
    Environmental conditions (e.g., rainfall amount, freeze-thaw conditions).
    Other (please specify): ________________________________________________

42. Do you have any reports, memos, internal documentation, or other comments you would like to share regarding successful methods and techniques for minimizing water damage in asphalt and composite pavements? If you’re willing to share any reports, memos, or internal documentation, please add the URL where it can be accessed, attach the document to this survey, or email Dr. Pierce.