Page 67 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

APPENDIX D—AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES

Table D-1. Agencies responding to the survey.

Alabama DOT	Nebraska DOR
Alaska DOT&PF	Nevada DOT
Alberta Transportation	New Brunswick DOTI
Arizona DOT	New Jersey DOT
California DOT	New York State DOT
Colorado DOT	Ohio DOT
Connecticut DOT	Oklahoma DOT
Florida DOT	Ontario MOT
Hawaii DOT	Oregon DOT
Idaho TD	Pennsylvania DOT
Indiana DOT	Saskatchewan MHI
Kansas DOT	South Carolina DOT
Kentucky TC	South Dakota DOT
Maine DOT	Tennessee DOT
Manitoba I&T	Texas DOT
Maryland SHA	Virginia DOT
Michigan DOT	Washington State DOT
Minnesota DOT	West Virginia DOH
Mississippi DOT	Wisconsin DOT
Missouri DOT

Table D-2. Agency experience with premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in newly constructed asphalt pavements due to presence of water.

No Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Past Issue Minimized by Current Practices
Alaska DOT&PF	Alabama DOT	Idaho TD
Alberta Transportation	Colorado DOT	Maryland SHA
Arizona DOT	Connecticut DOT	Minnesota DOT
California DOT	Indiana DOT	Mississippi DOT
Florida DOT	Kentucky TC	Nevada DOT
Hawaii DOT	Maine DOT	Oklahoma DOT
Kansas DOT	Michigan DOT	Pennsylvania DOT
Manitoba I&T	New Brunswick DOTI
Missouri DOT	New Jersey DOT
Nebraska DOT	New York State DOT
Ontario MOT	Ohio DOT
Oregon DOT	South Carolina DOT
Saskatchewan MHI	Tennessee DOT
South Dakota DOT	Texas DOT
Virginia DOT	West Virginia DOH
Washington State DOT	Wisconsin DOT
16 agencies	16 agencies	7 agencies

Page 68 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-3. Practices for resolving premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in newly constructed asphalt pavement due to the presence of water.

Agency	Practices
Idaho TD	Require a minimum 0.5% liquid anti-strip in all mixes.
Maryland SHA	Place edge drains in new construction or widening projects. Place transverse trench drains if water is observed seeping through the surface. Better enforcement of the gradation for the graded aggregate base to limit fine aggregates that reduce permeability.
Minnesota DOT	Top of HMA to the bottom of the granular material is at least 30 in. thick. Tile any wet areas.
Mississippi DOT	Use 0.375 in surface mixture. For new construction with four or more asphalt lifts, the bottom lift is designed using a “rich bottom” to create a pavement structure that is more resistant to moisture damage. Add 1% hydrated lime.
Nevada DOT	Use lime marination for aggregates in plantmix bituminous surface (PBS). Over excavate soils with high PI and place geo-fabrics, drain rock, and suitable material. Design hydraulic system for greater year extreme storms. Edge drain construction, drain rock under the aggregate base and separate with geosynthetic.
Oklahoma DOT	Pay attention to the need for proper drainage in the pavement design. Include drainable pavement layers in the typical section.
Pennsylvania DOT	Install base drains. Correct cross-slope. Use treated permeable base.

Page 69 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-4. Agency experience with premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in rehabilitated asphalt pavements due to presence of water.

No Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Past Issue Minimized by Current Practices
Alaska DOT&PF	Alabama DOT	Idaho TD
Florida DOT	Alberta Transportation	Mississippi DOT
Hawaii DOT	Arizona DOT	Nevada DOT
Manitoba I&T	California DOT	Oklahoma DOT
Maryland SHA	Colorado DOT	Pennsylvania DOT
Minnesota DOT	Connecticut DOT
Nebraska DOR	Indiana DOT
Ohio DOT	Kansas DOT
Ontario MOT	Kentucky TC
South Dakota DOT	Maine DOT
Washington State DOT	Michigan DOT
	Missouri DOT
	New Brunswick DOTI
	New Jersey DOT
	New York State DOT
	Oregon DOT
	Saskatchewan MHI
	South Carolina DOT
	Tennessee DOT
	Texas DOT
	Virginia DOT
	West Virginia DOH
	Wisconsin DOT
11 agencies	23 agencies	5 agencies

Table D-5. Practices for resolving premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in rehabilitated asphalt pavement due to the presence of water.

Agency	Practices
Idaho TD	Require a minimum 0.5% liquid anti-strip in all mixes.
Mississippi DOT	Add 1% hydrated lime.
Nevada DOT	Use lime marination for aggregates in PBS. Pavements that are widened are “keyed-in.” Re-establish cross slopes. Construct paved V-ditch. Improve drainage design. Use geosynthetic.
Oklahoma DOT	Proper drainage in pavement design.
Pennsylvania DOT	Pipe replacement. Rebuild cross-slope.

Page 70 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-6. Agency experience with premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in preservation activities of asphalt pavements due to presence of water.

No Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Past Issue Minimized by Current Practices
Alaska DOT&PF	Alabama DOT	Idaho TD
Arizona DOT	California DOT	Indiana DOT
Connecticut DOT	Colorado DOT	Pennsylvania DOT
Florida DOT	Kansas DOT
Hawaii DOT	Kentucky TC
Manitoba I&T	Maine DOT
Maryland SHA	Missouri DOT
Minnesota DOT	Nevada DOT
Mississippi DOT	New Brunswick DOTY
Nebraska DOR	New Jersey DOT
Ohio DOT	Oregon DOT
Oklahoma DOT	Saskatchewan MHI
Ontario MOT	Texas DOT
South Carolina DOT	Wisconsin DOT
South Dakota DOT
Tennessee DOT
Virginia DOT
Washington State DOT
18 agencies	14 agencies	3 agencies

Table D-7. Practices for resolving premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in preservation activities of asphalt pavements due to the presence of water.

Agency	Practices
Idaho TD	Require a minimum 0.5% liquid anti-strip in all mixes.
Indiana DOT	Identify saturated pavements. Do not apply treatments that provide a seal.
Nevada DOT	Specifications to suspend work if rain is eminent. Specifications to suspend work if pavement is wet. Tighter requirements on bituminous material. Cleanness value of screening.
Pennsylvania DOT	Seal coats (Microsurfacing). Crack sealing.

Page 71 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-8. Agency experience with premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in newly constructed composite (asphalt over concrete) pavements due to presence of water.

Do Not Construct New Composite Pavements	No Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress
Alabama DOT	Alberta Transportation	New Jersey DOT
Alaska DOT&PF	Arizona DOT
Colorado DOT	California DOT
Connecticut DOT	Hawaii DOT
Florida DOT	Minnesota DOT
Idaho TD	Mississippi DOT
Indiana DOT	Nebraska DOR
Kansas DOT	Nevada DOT
Kentucky TC	Oregon DOT
Maine DOT	South Carolina DOT
Manitoba I&T	Texas DOT
Maryland SHA	Virginia DOT
Missouri DOT	Washington State DOT
New Brunswick DOTI
New York State DOT
Ohio DOT
Oklahoma DOT
Ontario MOT
Pennsylvania DOT
Saskatchewan MHI
South Dakota DOT
Tennessee DOT
West Virginia DOH
Wisconsin DOT
24 agencies	13 agencies	1 agency

Page 72 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-9. Agency experience with premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in rehabilitated composite (asphalt over concrete) pavements due to presence of water.

No Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Past Issue Minimized by Current Practices
Alaska DOT&PF	Alabama DOT	Oklahoma DOT
Alberta Transportation	California DOT	Pennsylvania DOT
Arizona DOT	Colorado DOT	South Carolina DOT
Florida DOT	Connecticut DOT
Hawaii DOT	Indiana DOT
Idaho TD	Kansas DOT
Maryland SHA	Kentucky TC
Minnesota DOT	Maine DOT
Mississippi DOT	Manitoba I&T
Missouri DOT	New Jersey DOT
Nebraska DOR	New York State DOT
Nevada DOT	Oregon DOT
New Brunswick DOTI	South Dakota DOT
Ohio DOT	Wisconsin DOT
Ontario MOT
Tennessee DOT
Texas DOT
Saskatchewan MHI
Virginia DOT
Washington State DOT
West Virginia DOH
21 agencies	14 agencies	3 agencies

Table D-10. Practices for resolving premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in rehabilitated composite (asphalt over concrete) pavements due to the presence of water.

Agency	Practices
Oklahoma DOT	Proper drainage in pavement design.
Pennsylvania DOT	Saw-cut and seal joints. Rebuild cross-slope.
South Carolina DOT	Increase resistance to stripping in HMA mixes.

Page 73 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-11. Agency experience with premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in preservation activities of composite (asphalt over concrete) pavements due to presence of water.

No Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Premature Failures or Accelerated Distress	Past Issue Minimized by Current Practices
Alaska DOT&PF	Alabama DOT	Indiana DOT
Arizona DOT	Colorado DOT	Pennsylvania DOT
California DOT	Connecticut DOT
Florida DOT	Kansas DOT
Hawaii DOT	Maine DOT
Idaho TD	Missouri DOT
Kentucky TC	New Jersey DOT
Manitoba I&T	Wisconsin DOT
Maryland SHA
Minnesota DOT
Mississippi DOT
Nebraska DOR
Nevada DOT
New Brunswick DOTI
New York State DOT
Ohio DOT
Oklahoma DOT
Ontario MOT
Oregon DOT
Saskatchewan MHI
South Carolina DOT
South Dakota DOT
Tennessee DOT
Texas DOT
Virginia DOT
Washington State DOT
West Virginia DOH
27 agencies	8 agencies	2 agencies

Table D-12. Practices for resolving premature material failure or accelerated pavement distress in preservation activities of composite pavements due to the presence of water.

Agency	Practices
Indiana DOT	Identify saturated pavements. Do not apply treatments that provide a seal.
Pennsylvania DOT	Crack sealing. Microsurfacing.

Page 74 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-13. Agency design checklists for considering if/when special designs are warranted to mitigate existing moisture or potential moisture problems.

Agencies with a Design Checklist	No Design Checklist
Florida DOT	Alabama DOT
Maryland SHA	Alaska DOT&PF
New Jersey DOT	Alberta Transportation
	Arizona DOT
	California DOT
	Colorado DOT
	Connecticut DOT
	Hawaii DOT
	Idaho TD
	Indiana DOT
	Kansas DOT
	Kentucky TC
	Maine DOT
	Manitoba I&T
	Minnesota DOT
	Mississippi DOT
	Missouri DOT
	Nebraska DOR
	Nevada DOT
	New Brunswick DOTI
	New York State DOT
	Ohio DOT
	Oklahoma DOT
	Ontario MOT
	Oregon DOT
	Pennsylvania DOT
	Saskatchewan MHI
	South Carolina DOT
	South Dakota DOT
	Tennessee DOT
	Texas DOT
	Virginia DOT
	Washington State DOT
	West Virginia DOH
	Wisconsin DOT
3 agencies	35 agencies

Page 75 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-14. Agency requirements for maximum longitudinal grade (percent).

Agency	Curbed Roadways	Flat Terrain	Sag Vertical Curves
Alberta Transportation	6	3	6
California DOT	―	6	―
Colorado DOT	5	5	5
Florida DOT	―	9	―
Indiana DOT	9	9	9
Maine DOT	11	―	―
Manitoba I&T	6	6	6
Minnesota DOT	5	5	5
Nebraska DOR	9	8	―
Nevada DOT	1	3	6
New Brunswick DOTI	6	6	6
New Jersey DOT	6	4	9
New York State DOT	6	5	―
Ohio DOT	11	8	―
Ontario MOT	12	12	12
Tennessee DOT	8	8	―
No. of Responses	16	17	11
Minimum	1	1	1
Maximum	12	12	12
Average	6.4	5.8	6.0
Standard Deviation	3.5	3.0	3.3

―N/A

Additional comments:

Arizona DOT: varies by terrain, design speed, and roadway type.
Colorado DOT: can be increased to 6% with a design variance.
Idaho TD and MODOT: follow the AASHTO Green Book requirements.
Mississippi DOT: longitudinal grade depends on design speed.
Ontario MOT: dependent on the functional class (freeways 3 to 5% and is 6 to 12% for rural roads).

All responding agencies, except as shown in Table D-15, indicated a minimum roadway cross-slope of 2%.

Page 76 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-15. Agency requirements for minimum roadway cross-slope (percent).

Agency	All Roadways	Interstate	Principal Arterial	Minor Arterial	Collectors
Arizona DOT	3	―	―	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	3	―	―	―	―
New York DOT	1.5	―	―	―	―
Ohio DOT	1.56	―	―	―	―
Saskatchewan MHI	―	2	3	―	―

―N/A

Table D-16. Agency requirements for minimum shoulder cross-slope (percent).

Agency	Interstate	Principal Arterial	Minor Arterial	Collector	Superelevated Curves to Shoulders
Indiana DOT	4	4	4	4	2
Kentucky TC	4	4	4	4	8
Maine DOT	2	2	2	2	6
Manitoba I&T	2	2	2	3	6
Maryland SHA	2	2	2	2	2
Minnesota DOT	4	4	4	4	7
Mississippi DOT	4	4	4	4	7
Nebraska DOR	2	2	2	2	7
New Jersey DOT	4	4	4	4	7
New York State DOT	6	6	6	6	8
Ohio DOT	4	4	4	4	―
Ontario MOT	6	6	6	6	12
Pennsylvania DOT	4	4	4	4	8
Tennessee DOT	2	2	2	2	2
No. of Responses	14	14	14	14	13
Minimum	2	2	2	2	2
Maximum	6	6	6	6	12
Average	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	6.3
Standard Deviation	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.3	2.9

―N/A

Additional comments:

California DOT: varies.
Hawaii DOT, Idaho TD, and Indiana DOT: based on AASHTO Green Book.
Saskatchewan MHI: Divided highways – 2% for lanes and 5% for shoulders, undivided highways – 2% for lanes and 5% for shoulders that are 3 meters wide and 2% for shoulders that are less than 3 meters wide, and 3% for lane and shoulder sections with seals.

Page 77 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-17. Pavement drainage design procedures.

Agency	No Specific Procedure	Agency Procedure/Other	Rational Method	DRIP Software	PAVDRN Software
Alabama DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―	―	―
Arizona DOT	―	―	✓	―	―
California DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―
Colorado DOT	―	―	―	✓	―
Florida DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―
Hawaii DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Indiana DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	―
Kentucky TC	✓	―	―	―	―
Maine DOT	―	―	✓	―	―
Manitoba I&T	✓	―	―	―	―
Maryland SHA	―	✓	―	―	―
Minnesota DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Mississippi DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Nebraska DOR	―	―	✓	―	―
Nevada DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	✓	✓	―	―
New York State DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Ohio DOT	―	✓	✓	―	✓
Oklahoma DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Ontario MOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Oregon DOT	―	¹	―	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―
Saskatchewan MHI	―	²	―	―	―
South Dakota DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	³	―	―	―
Washington State DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	✓	―	―
No. of Responses	12	13	10	2	1

¹ Use saturated properties of subgrade and base in design. Discourage the use of thin aggregate base.

² Shell Curve Method, Benkelman beam deflection method.

³ HEC 22 & HEC 15

―N/A

Page 78 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-18. Practices for determining outlet spacing.

Agency	No Specific Procedure	Time-to-drain discharge rate	Other
Alabama DOT	✓	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―
Arizona DOT	✓	―	―
California DOT	―	✓	FHWA Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22, Urban Drainage Design Manual; typical spacing – 250 ft
Colorado DOT	✓	―	―
Florida DOT	✓	―	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	―
Indiana DOT	✓	✓	Typical spacing – 500 ft
Kentucky TC	―	―	Standard spacing based on longitudinal grade of roadway; typical spacing – 250 ft for 4-in. pipe; 500 ft for 6-in. pipe; spacing doubled for grades less than 1%
Maine DOT	―	―	Topography
Manitoba I&T	✓	―	―
Maryland SHA	―	―	Typical spacing – 250 ft
Minnesota DOT	―	―	Typical spacing – 300 ft (length of inspection camera)
Mississippi DOT	✓	―	―
Missouri DOT	―	―	Longitudinal gradient; typical spacing – 250 ft to 500 ft
Nebraska DOR	―	―	Typical spacing – 100 ft for slopes less than 1%; 200 ft for slopes greater than 1%
Nevada DOT	✓	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	✓	―	―
New York State DOT	―	―	Drain cleaning equipment reach; typical spacing – 150 ft to 300 ft
Ohio DOT	✓	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	✓	―	―
Ontario MOT	✓	―	―
Oregon DOT	✓	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	―	―	Agency-based procedure
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	―	―
South Dakota DOT	✓	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	―	Geopack drainage
Washington State DOT	✓	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	✓	Typical spacing – 300 ft to 600 ft
No. of Responses	18	3	10

―N/A

Page 79 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-19. Number of agencies using specified drainage features (by functional class).

Agency	Interstate		Principal Arterial		Minor Arterial		Collector
Agency	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
Ditches	21	30	21	30	20	28	18	24
Curb and gutter	21	6	31	12	29	13	24	9
Underdrain	18	16	17	16	11	10	8	8
Daylighted base	10	18	9	17	10	17	9	13
Edge drains	17	16	14	14	9	9	8	8
Aggregate permeable base	10	11	10	11	10	11	9	9
Geosynthetic separator layer	12	13	10	11	9	10	6	6
French drains	9	11	9	11	7	8	7	6
Asphalt permeable base	11	11	8	8	4	4	4	4
Retrofit edge drains	9	8	5	8	2	3	1	2
Open-graded friction course	8	8	7	6	2	2	2	2
Cement permeable base	6	5	4	3	2	2	1	1
Permeable friction course	6	6	4	4	2	2	0	0
Fin drains	2	2	2	3	0	1	0	0

Additional comments:

Hawaii DOT uses aggregate permeable base and underdrain systems at some locations.
Manitoba I&T recently constructed an aggregate permeable base for a concrete pavement project.
Oregon DOT use edge drains or underdrains on a case-by-case basis; use in known problem areas and during reconstruction when a potential bathtub section is created.

Page 80 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-20. Availability of standard specifications, special provisions, and standard plans for drainage system.

Agency	Standard Specification/Special Provisions	Standard Plans Available Online
Alabama DOT	―	Online
Arizona DOT	Online	Online
California DOT	Online	Online
Colorado DOT	Online	―
Florida DOT	Online	―
Hawaii DOT	Online	Online
Idaho TD	Online	Online
Indiana DOT	Online	―
Kentucky TC	Upon request	―
Maryland SHA	Online	―
Minnesota DOT	―	Online
Missouri DOT	―	Online
Nebraska DOR	Online	Online
Nevada DOT	Online	―
New York State DOT	Online	―
Ohio DOT	Online	―
Ontario MOT	Online	Online
Pennsylvania DOT	―	Online
Saskatchewan MHI	Online	―
South Carolina DOT	Online	Online
Tennessee DOT	Online	Upon request
Texas DOT	Online	―
Wisconsin DOT	Online	―
No. of Responses	19	12

―N/A

Page 81 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-21. Agency practices for addressing freeze/thaw considerations.

Agency	Not an Issue	Increase Aggregate Base Thickness	Minimize % Passing No. 200 on Aggregate Base Course	Include a Free Draining Large Stone Granular Layer	Place a Non-Frost-Susceptible Fill Material over the Subgrade	Increase Bound Layer Thicknes s	Impose Spring Load Restrictions	Other
Alabama DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	―	―	✓	―	✓	―	✓	―
Alberta Transportation	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Arizona DOT	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	―	―
California DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Colorado DOT	―	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	Include a Styrofoam layer
Florida DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Idaho TD	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	―
Indiana DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	―
Kentucky TC	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Maine DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	―
Manitoba I&T	―	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	Increase structure thickness
Maryland SHA	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―
Minnesota DOT	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―	✓	―
Mississippi DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Nebraska DOR	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	Stabilize subgrade
Nevada DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	✓	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―
New York State DOT	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―	―	Add drainage

Page 82 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Not an Issue	Increase Aggregate Base Thickness	Minimize % Passing No. 200 on Aggregate Base Course	Include a Free Draining Large Stone Granular Layer	Place a Non-Frost-Susceptible Fill Material over the Subgrade	Increase Bound Layer Thicknes s	Impose Spring Load Restrictions	Other
Ohio DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	Chemically stabilize subgrade
Oklahoma DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Ontario MOT	―	✓	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―
Oregon DOT	―	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―	Apply a seasonal factor to the resilient modulus
Saskatchewan MHI	―	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―
South Carolina DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
South Dakota DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Texas DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	✓	―	✓	✓	―	―	―
No. of Responses	9	17	13	10	14	6	11	6

―N/A

Page 83 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-22. Agency practices for addressing weak soils.

Agency	Remove and Replace with Higher Quality Material	Increase Aggregate Base Layer Thickness	Increase Concrete Thickness (Composite Pavements)	Increase Asphalt Layer Thickness	Stabilize Weak Soil	Place a Geosynthetic
Alabama DOT	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―	―	―	✓
Alberta Transportation	―	✓	―	✓	―	✓
Arizona DOT	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
California DOT	―	―	―	―	✓	✓
Colorado DOT	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Florida DOT	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	―	✓
Idaho TD	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
Indiana DOT	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
Kentucky TC	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
Maine DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	―	✓
Manitoba I&T	―	✓	―	✓	―	✓
Maryland SHA	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	―
Minnesota DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	✓
Mississippi DOT	✓	―	―	✓	✓	―
Missouri DOT	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Nebraska DOR	―	―	―	―	✓	―
Nevada DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
New Brunswick DOTI	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓
New York State DOT	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓
Ohio DOT	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Oklahoma DOT	―	✓	―	―	✓	✓
Ontario MOT	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
Oregon DOT	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
Pennsylvania DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	―	―
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	✓	―	✓	―	✓

Page 84 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Remove and Replace with Higher Quality Material	Increase Aggregate Base Layer Thickness	Increase Concrete Thickness (Composite Pavements)	Increase Asphalt Layer Thickness	Stabilize Weak Soil	Place a Geosynthetic
South Carolina DOT	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―
South Dakota DOT	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―
Tennessee DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
Texas DOT	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
Washington State DOT	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Wisconsin DOT	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
No. of Responses	28	24	5	16	22	24

―N/A

Page 85 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-23. Agency practices for addressing high or perched water tables.

Agency	Not an Issue	Install Culverts	Install Edge drains	Increase Depth of Ditch	Other
Alabama DOT	―	―	✓	✓	―
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―	―	―
Alberta Transportation	―	✓	―	―	―
Arizona DOT	✓	✓	✓	―	―
California DOT	―	―	―	―	Use underdrains
Colorado DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	―
Florida DOT	―	―	✓	―	Use asphalt base
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Idaho TD	―	―	✓	✓	―
Indiana DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	Use dry wells
Kentucky TC	✓	―	―	―	―
Maine DOT	―	✓	―	✓	Use underdrains and ditches
Manitoba I&T	―	✓	―	―	Use subdrains
Maryland SHA	―	―	✓	✓	―
Minnesota DOT	―	―	✓	✓	―
Mississippi DOT	―	―	✓	―	Use French drain
Missouri DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Nebraska DOR	―	―	✓	✓	―
Nevada DOT	―	―	✓	―	Drain rock
New Brunswick DOTI	―	✓	✓	✓	―
New York State DOT	―	―	―	✓	Use underdrains
Ohio DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	―	―	✓	―	Use pipe underdrains
Ontario MOT	✓	―	―	―	Use subdrains
Oregon DOT	―	―	―	✓	Consider site-specific conditions during design and increase structural section
Pennsylvania DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Saskatchewan MHI	―	✓	✓	✓	―
South Carolina DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	―

Page 86 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Not an Issue	Install Culverts	Install Edge drains	Increase Depth of Ditch	Other
South Dakota DOT	―	―	✓	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	―
Washington State DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	✓	―	―
No. of Responses	9	10	18	14	11

―N/A

Page 87 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-24. Material properties for permeable aggregate base or aggregate separator layer.

Agency	L.A. Abrasion (max loss)	Sodium Sulfate Soundness (max)	Non-Plastic Material	Coefficient of Permeability	Angularity	No. of Fractured Faces	Other
Alabama DOT	60%	10%	✓	―	―	―	―
Alberta Transportation	50%	―	✓	―	―	60%	―
Arizona DOT	―	―	―	―	✓	―	―
Colorado DOT	50%	―	―	―	―	―	―
Florida DOT	―	15%	✓		―	―	―
Hawaii DOT	40%	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Idaho TD	35%	―	✓	―	―	60% (min)	Idaho TD degradation test, 8% max. loss
Kentucky TC	✓	15%	―	―	―	―	―
Manitoba I&T	―	―	―	0.8-26 feet/day	―	At least one face for gravel; two or more for crushed stone	Tried permeable base layer on one project
Maryland SHA	50%	12%	―	―	―	―	Flat & Elongated, 15% max.
Minnesota DOT	40%	―	―	―	―	85% two face	Insoluble residue less than 10%
Missouri DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	Deleterious material
Nevada DOT	37%	―	✓	―	―	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	25%¹	―	✓	20% (max)²	35% (max)³	―	―
New York State DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	Rarely used due to narrow gradation band requirements
Oklahoma DOT	40%	―	―	―	―	at least one face	―

Page 88 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	L.A. Abrasion (max loss)	Sodium Sulfate Soundness (max)	Non-Plastic Material	Coefficient of Permeability	Angularity	No. of Fractured Faces	Other
Ontario MOT	―	―	✓	4x10-5 in/s	―	―	Micro-Deval abrasion, unconfined freeze-thaw
Oregon DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	Use aggregate base; permeable aggregate base is rarely used
Pennsylvania DOT	55%	20%	―	―	―	50% (min)	Deleterious, friable particles, glassy particles
South Carolina DOT	65%	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Tennessee DOT	50%	15%	―	―	―	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	Rock cap or permeable ballast are sometime used
Wisconsin DOT	50%	18%	―	―	―	―	―

¹ Micro-Deval (MTO LS-618).

² Freeze-Thaw (MTO LS-614).

³ Flat & Elongated Particles (MTO LS-608).

―N/A

Page 89 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-25. Aggregate gradation for permeable aggregate base or aggregate separator layer.

Agency	Sieve Size
Agency	1.5	1	0.75	0.50	0.375	No. 4	No. 8	No. 10	No. 40	No. 200
Alabama DOT¹	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Alberta Transportation²	100	100	82–97	―	52–79	35–64	―	―	―	2–10
Arizona DOT	100	90–100	―	―	―	―	35–55	―	―	0–8
Colorado DOT	―	―	100	―	―	30–65	25–55	―	―	3–12
Florida DOT	95–100	―	65–90	―	45–75	35–60	―	25–45	5–25	1–10
Idaho TD³	―	100	90–100	―	―	30–60	―	―	―	0–7
Indiana DOT	―	100	75–95	40–70	20–50	0–15	0–10	―	―	―
Kentucky TC	100	95–100	―	25–60	―	0–10	0–5	―	―	―
Maryland SHA	95–100	―	70–92	―	50–70	35–55	―	―	10–20	0–8
Minnesota DOT	100	95–100	65–95	―	30–65	10–35	―	3–20	0–8	0–3.5
Missouri DOT	―	100	―	60–90	―	35–60	―	―	10–35	0–15
New Brunswick DOTI⁴	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
New York State DOT⁵	100	―	―	25–60	―	―	―	―	―	2–7
Oklahoma DOT	100	100	95	―	―	15	―	―	―	5
Ontario MOT	―	100	85–100	65–90	50–73	35–55	―	15–40	5–22	2–8
Pennsylvania DOT	―	―	52–100	―	36–70	24–50	16–38	―	―	0–10

¹ AASHTO Gradation 57, 67, 68, and 78 with a constant head permeability > 2 in/second.

² 0.625 in: 70–94%; No. 100: 5–18%.

³ No. 30: 8-30.

⁴ ASTM C136 and C117.

⁵ 0.25 in: 10–35%.

―N/A

Page 90 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-26. Material properties for asphalt-treated permeable base.

Agency	L.A. Abrasion (max)	Sodium Sulfate Soundness (max)	Non-Plastic Material	Angularity (max)	No. Fractured Faces¹	Maximum Aggregate Size	Asphalt Binder	Lime or Liquid Anti-Strip
Alabama DOT	48%	10%	✓	―	―	1 in	2-3%	2-3%²
California DOT	45%	―	―	―	―	1 in	2.5%³	―
Florida DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	AASHTO 57; 0.375 ± 12%	2-4%⁴	1% hydrated lime⁵; 0.75% liquid anti-strip²
Idaho TD	30%	12% (5 cycles)	―	✓	95/90	0.75 in	―	―
Kentucky TC	✓	15%	―	―	―	1.5 in	1.5–2.5%	✓
Maine DOT⁶	―	―	―	✓	85/80	1.5 in	> 2%	―
Minnesota DOT⁷	―	―	✓	―	―	―	JMF	―
Missouri DOT	50%	―	✓	―	―	1 in	2.5%	―
Nevada DOT⁸	37%	12%	✓	―	0/90	―	―	✓
New Brunswick DOTI⁹	25%⁶	―	✓	35%	―	―	―	✓
Oklahoma DOT¹⁰	40%	―	―	―	100/0	―	2.5%	―
Ontario MOT¹¹	―	―	✓	―	―	1 in	1.8%±0.2	―
Pennsylvania DOT¹²	45%	20%	―	―	Gravel 0/75; other 55/0	1.5 in	2-3%	✓
South Carolina DOT	60%	―	✓	✓	✓	1 in	JMF	1% hydrated lime³
Tennessee DOT	50%	9%	―	―	―	―	―	―

¹ Percent 1 face/2 faces.

² Weight of binder.

³ Caltrans Test Method 310, 362, or 379 can be used to determine optimum binder content.

⁴ Weight of total mixture.

⁵ Weight of dry aggregate.

⁶ Micro-Deval (18 max).

⁷ Percent passing: 1.5 in: 100; 1 in: 95-100; 0.75 in: 85-95; 0.375 in: 30-60; No. 4: 10-30; No. 8: 0-10; No. 30: 0-5; No. 200: 0-3. Insoluble residue < 10%.

⁸ Specific gravity: 2.85 max; absorption: 4% max; Plasticity Index: 10%; Liquid Limit: 35%.

⁹ ASTM C136 and ASTM C117; Flat & Elongated Particles (MTO LS-608).

¹⁰ Micro-Deval (MTO LS 618).

¹¹ Magnesium sulfate soundness: 15%; Porosity: 0.25 – 0.5.

¹² Only used as a base for concrete pavements.

―N/A

Page 91 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-27. Material properties specified for cement-treated permeable base.

Agency	L.A. Abrasion (max)	Sodium Sulfate Soundness (max)	Non-Plastic Material	Maximum Aggregate Size	No. Fractured Faces¹	Cement Content	Other
California DOT	45%	―	―	1.5 IN	―	287 lb/yd³	w/c ~ 0.37
Kentucky TC	✓	15%	―	1.5 in	―	―	Compressive Strength
Missouri DOT	50%	―	✓	1 in	―	235 lb/ yd³
Nevada DOT	45%	✓	✓	No. 57	―	✓	Sand equivalent 20%
Oklahoma DOT	40%	―	―	No. 57	100/0	✓	―
Ontario MOT²	―	―	✓	1 in	―	202±17 lb/yd³	Porosity 0.25–0.5
Pennsylvania DOT	45%	20%	―	No. 57 or No. 67	Gravel 0/75; others 55/0	200 lb/ yd³	W/C < 0.40
South Carolina DOT	65%	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Tennessee DOT	50%	9%	―	―	―	―	―

¹ Percent 1 face/2 faces.

² Magnesium sulfate soundness: 15% max.

―N/A

Page 92 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-28. Geosynthetic material uses (Standard Specification number).

Agency	Subgrade Separation	Subgrade Stabilization	Base Reinforcement	Overlay Stress Absorption & Reinforcement	Drainage System
Alaska DOT&PF	729-2.01	729-2.01	729-2.05	―	――
Arizona DOT	306	306	306	―	―
California DOT	4-88	4-19	4-26	4-39	4-68
Colorado DOT	420	420	―	420	Class 3
Florida DOT	―	―	145	145	145
Hawaii DOT	716.02	716.06	716.06-07	716.04	716.03
Idaho TD	718.07	718.07	718.07	718.08	718.07
Kentucky TC	214	304	304	―	―
Maine DOT	620	620	620	―	620
Manitoba I&T	Class 2, non-woven	―	―	―	―
Minnesota DOT	Type 5	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	1011	1011	1011	―	―
Nebraska DOR¹	―	―	―	―	―
Nevada DOT	731	731	731	731	731
New Brunswick DOTI	ASTM D4533/D4633	ISO 10319/ASTM D5262	―	―	―
New York State DOT	207.11	204.14	―	―	207.12
Oklahoma DOT	325	―	326	―	―
Ontario MOT	―	―	―	―	1860
Oregon DOT	002320	―	―	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	735, 212	735, 212	735, 212	―	735, 604
South Dakota DOT	831	831	831	―	680, 690, 831
Texas DOT	Special Spec 5165	―	Special Spec 5261	356	―
Washington State DOT	2-41	2-41	―	―	2-41
Wisconsin DOT	645	645	―	―	―
No. of Responses	21	16	14	7	12

¹ Only used on locations identified as not providing adequate support.

―N/A

Page 93 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-29. Predominant asphalt mixture type.

Agency	Dense-Graded	Open-Graded	Gap-Graded
Alabama DOT	✓	✓	―
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―
Alberta Transportation	✓	―	―
Arizona DOT	✓	✓	✓
California DOT	✓	―	✓
Colorado DOT	✓	―	―
Florida DOT	✓	✓	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	―
Idaho TD	✓	―	―
Indiana DOT	✓	✓	―
Kentucky TC	✓	―	―
Maine DOT	✓	―	―
Manitoba I&T	✓	―	―
Maryland SHA	✓	―	✓
Minnesota DOT	✓	―	―
Mississippi DOT	✓	✓	―
Missouri DOT	✓	―	✓
Nebraska DOR	✓	―	―
Nevada DOT	✓	✓	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	✓	―
New York State DOT	✓	―	―
Ohio DOT	✓	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	✓	―	―
Ontario MOT	✓	―	―
Oregon DOT	✓	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	✓	―	✓
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	―	✓
South Carolina DOT	✓	✓	―
South Dakota DOT	✓	―	―
Tennessee DOT	✓	―	―
Texas DOT	✓	✓	―
Washington State DOT	✓	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	✓	―	―
No. of Responses	33	9	6

―N/A

Page 94 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-30. Methods used to quantify moisture sensitivity of compacted asphalt mixes.

Agency	AASHTO T 283	AASHTO T 324	AASHTO T 340	ASTM D4867
Alabama DOT	80%¹	―	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF²	―	―	―	―
Alberta Transportation	75%	―	―	―
Arizona DOT	No spec. requirement	―	―	―
California DOT	70%³	―	―	―
Colorado DOT	DOT modified	―	―	―
Connecticut DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
Delaware DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
Florida DOT	80%	―	―	―
Georgia DOT⁴	GDT 66	―	―	―
Idaho TD	―	―	≤ 0.2 in rut depth	―
Indiana DOT	80%	―	―	―
Iowa DOT⁴		✓	―	―
Kansas DOT⁴	DOT modified	―	―	―
Kentucky TC	―	―	―	80%
Manitoba I&T	No spec. requirement	―	―	―
Maryland SHA	✓	―	―	85% TSR
Massachusetts DOT⁴	✓	✓	―	―
Michigan DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
Minnesota DOT	―	―	―	65% (< 3 million); 70% (> 3 million)⁵
Mississippi DOT	85%	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	75%	―	―	―
Montana DOT⁴	✓	DOT modified	―	―
Nebraska DOR⁶	80% (indicator rather than a criteria)	―	―	―
Nevada DOT	70%	―	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	―	―	85% TSR
New Jersey DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―

Page 95 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	AASHTO T 283	AASHTO T 324	AASHTO T 340	ASTM D4867
New Mexico DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
New York State DOT	80%	―	―	―
North Dakota DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
Ohio DOT	70% for low traffic; 80% for high traffic⁷	―	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	80%	―	―	―
Ontario MOT	80%	―	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	80%	―	―	―
Saskatchewan MHI⁸	―	―	―	―
South Carolina DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
South Dakota DOT⁹	―	―	―	SD309; 70-80%
Tennessee DOT	―	―	―	80%; Tensile strength > 80psi/100 psi
Texas DOT	―	0.5 in max. rut (20,000 passes)	―	―
Vermont DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
Virginia DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	15,000 passes, no infliction point	―	―
West Virginia DOT⁴	✓	―	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	70%	―	―	―
No. of Responses	34	5	1	6

¹ Compacted according to ALDOT 384 at 7.0% air voids and tested as modified by ALDOT-361, except the specimen shall be 6 in. in diameter and 3.75 in. in height.

² ATM 414, Anti-Strip Requirements of Hot-Mix Asphalt.

³ Dry strength – minimum of 100 psi; wet strength – minimum of 70 psi.

⁴ Results based on a December 2014 survey conducted by AASHTO Subcommittee on Materials on use of anti-strip agents in asphalt pavements.

⁵ 20-year ESALs. (no 5)

⁶ Based on case-by-case evaluation.

⁷ Superpave mixtures.

⁸ ASTM standards.

⁹ SD309, 70-80%.

―N/A

Page 96 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-31. Asphalt mixture additives used by agency or contractor to meet mix design requirements.

Agency	Dry/Hydrated Lime	Lime Slurry	Lime Slurry and Marination	Liquid anti-strip	Other
Alabama DOT	Hydrated lime not typically used	―	―	0.25-1.0% by weight of binder	―
Alaska DOT&PF	―	―	―	0.3% min. by weight of binder	―
Alberta Transportation	―	―	―	0.3% min. by weight of binder	―
Arizona DOT	≥ 1%	―	―	―	Cement
California DOT	0.8-1.5% by dry aggregate weight	―	0.8-1.5% by dry aggregate weight	0.25-1% by weight of binder	Warm mix additives
Colorado DOT	1% hydrated lime by weight of aggregate	70% water by weight	< 90 days	―	―
Connecticut DOT	―	―	―	✓	―
Delaware DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―
Florida DOT	Typically 1% by aggregate weight	1%	1%	0.1%	―
Georgia DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Idaho TD	✓	―	―	✓	Warm mix additives
Indiana DOT	―	―	―	✓	―
Iowa DOT	Hydrated lime not typically used	―	―	✓	―
Kansas DOT	―	―	―	✓	―
Kentucky TC	―	―	―	0.25-0.5% by weight	―
Maine DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―
Manitoba I&T	―	―	―	No requirement	―
Maryland SHA	―	1-1.5%	―	0.2% min.	―
Massachusetts DOT	✓	✓	―	―	―
Michigan DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―
Minnesota DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―

Page 97 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Dry/Hydrated Lime	Lime Slurry	Lime Slurry and Marination	Liquid anti-strip	Other
Mississippi DOT	1% by weight of dry aggregate	―	―	Used if mixture does not meet TSR	―
Missouri DOT	―	―	―	―	Contractor’s choice
Montana DOT	1.4% by weight of mix	―	―	Varies	―
Nebraska DOR	1.5% by aggregate weight	―	―	≥ 0.25% with liquid WMA	―
Nevada DOT	✓	―	1% coarse, 2% fine aggregate	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	―	―	Redicote 82S, C3082; AD-here LOF6500, 7700; PaveBond T Lite; Travcor 4505; Innovalt W	―
New Jersey DOT	―	―	―	―	No requirements
New Mexico DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
New York State DOT	―	―	―	≥ 80% TSR for the AASHTO T 283	―
North Dakota DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Ohio DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―
Oklahoma DOT	✓	―	―	0.5% by volume of binder for non-Superpave open-graded surface mixes	―
Ontario MOT	―	―	―	Variable by design	―
Oregon DOT	Typical 1% by mix	―	―	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	Not typically used but allowed	―	―	0.25% min. by weight of binder	Warm mix by manufacturer recommendation

Page 98 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Dry/Hydrated Lime	Lime Slurry	Lime Slurry and Marination	Liquid anti-strip	Other
Rhode Island DOT	―	―	―	✓	―
Saskatchewan MHI	1% by weight of dry aggregate	―	―	1% by weight of binder; variable by mix	✓
South Carolina DOT	AASHTO M 303	―	―	✓	―
South Dakota DOT	> 0.5% or 1% total weight	―	―	―	―
Tennessee DOT	✓	―	―	0.25% or 0.5% by weight of binder	―
Texas DOT	1-2%	―	―	0.25-0.5% by weight of binder	―
Vermont DOT	―	―	―	✓	―
Virginia DOT	―	―	―	✓	―
Washington D.C. DOT	―	―	✓	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	―	―	0-1% max. by weight of binder	―
West Virginia DOH	―	―	―	―	No requirement
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	―	manufacturer recommended rate	―
No. Responses	28	4	5	35	8

¹ Weight of binder.

² Dry aggregate weight.

³ Amount of anti-strip is determined using AASHTO T283; however, it is not mandatory.

―N/A

Page 99 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-32. Timing of asphalt mixture testing for moisture sensitivity.

Agency	No Testing	During Mix Design Only	During Field Acceptance Only	During Mix Design and Field Acceptance
Alabama DOT	―	✓	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	―	✓	―	―
Alberta Transportation	―	✓	―	―
Arizona DOT¹	―	―	―	―
California DOT	―	―	―	✓
Colorado DOT	―	―	―	✓
Florida DOT	―	✓	―	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	―	―
Idaho TD	―	✓	―	―
Indiana DOT	―	✓	―	―
Kentucky TC	―	✓	―	―
Maine DOT²	―	―	―	―
Manitoba I&T	―	✓	―	―
Maryland SHA³	―	―	―	―
Minnesota DOT	―	―	―	✓
Mississippi DOT	―	―	―	✓
Missouri DOT	―	―	✓	―
Nebraska DOR	―	―	―	✓
Nevada DOT	―	―	―	✓
New Brunswick DOTI	―	―	―	✓
New York State DOT	―	✓	―	―
Ohio DOT	―	✓	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	―	―	―	✓
Ontario MOT	―	―	―	✓
Oregon DOT	―	―	―	✓
Pennsylvania DOT	―	✓	―	―
Saskatchewan MHI	―	✓	―	―
South Carolina DOT	―	✓	―	―
South Dakota DOT	―	✓	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	―	―	✓
Texas DOT	―	―	―	✓
Washington State DOT	―	✓	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	―	✓
No. of Responses	1	15	1	13

¹ IMC and TSR-Evaluation of out of specs materials.

² Only test aggregates.

³ Randomly during field acceptance only.

―N/A

Page 100 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-33. Timing of drainage system construction.

Agency	Not Used	Prior to Pavement (pvmt/shldr)	After Pavement (pvmt/shldr retrofitted)	After Pavement, (edge of outside shldr)	Contractor Option
Alabama DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―	―	―
Alberta Transportation	✓	―	―	―	―
Arizona DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
California DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Colorado DOT	―	―	―	―	✓
Connecticut DOT	―	―	―	―	―
Florida DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Hawaii DOT	―	―	―	―	✓
Idaho TD	―	✓	―	―	―
Indiana DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Kansas DOT	―	―	―	―	―
Kentucky TC	―	✓	―	―	―
Maine DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Manitoba I&T	✓	―	―	―	―
Maryland SHA	―	―	―	―	✓
Michigan DOT	―	―	―	―	―
Minnesota DOT	―	―	✓	―	―
Mississippi DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	―	―	―	―	✓
Nebraska DOR	―	―	―	✓	―
Nevada DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	✓	―	―	―
New Jersey DOT	―	―	―	―	―
New York State DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Ohio DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Ontario MOT	―	―	―	―	✓
Oregon DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Saskatchewan MHI	―	✓	―	―	―
South Carolina DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
South Dakota DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
Texas DOT	―	―	―	―	―
Virginia DOT	―	―	―	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
West Virginia DOH	―	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	✓	―	―	―
No. of Responses	4	21	1	1	5

―N/A

Page 101 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-34. Agency specification for construction inspection and repair of drainage deficiencies.

Agency	Standard Specification	No Specification Requirement
Alabama DOT	―	✓
California DOT	―	✓
Florida DOT	465	―
Hawaii DOT	―	✓
Idaho TD	606.03-E	―
Indiana DOT	718	―
Kentucky TC	704	―
Maine DOT	―	✓
Maryland SHA	306	―
Minnesota DOT	2502	―
Nebraska DOR	―	✓
New Brunswick DOTI	Ditching-item 116, Subdrain-item 136, Subdrain outlet-item 137	―
New York State DOT	―	✓
Ohio DOT	611	―
Oklahoma DOT	✓	―
Oregon DOT	―	✓
Pennsylvania DOT	610	―
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	―
South Carolina DOT	SC-M-714	―
South Dakota DOT	―	✓
Tennessee DOT	―	✓
Washington State DOT	―	✓
Wisconsin DOT	―	✓
No. of Responses	12	11

―N/A

Page 102 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-35. Construction specifications during subgrade preparation.

Agency	Proof Rolling	In-Place Density	No. of Passes	Moisture Content
Alabama DOT	―	95-100%¹	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	―	95%	―	―
Alberta Transportation	―	98%²	―	Optimum
Arizona DOT	✓	95%	―	―
California DOT	―	95%	―	―
Colorado DOT	✓	95-100%^1,2	―	±3% of optimum w/35% passing No. 200 sieve; else ±2% of optimum^2,3
Florida DOT	―	98% (FM 1-T 180)	―	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	90-95%	―	±2% of optimum
Idaho TD	―	95%²	―	―
Indiana DOT	✓	LWD	―	±2% of optimum for clay with density < 105lb/ft³; within -2%-1% of optimum for clay with density between 105-114 lb/ft³; up to -3% of optimum for silty & sandy soil¹
Kentucky TC	✓	―	―	―
Maine DOT	✓	―	―	―
Manitoba I&T	―	95%	―	✓
Maryland SHA	―	97%¹	―	―
Minnesota DOT⁴	✓	100%²	4	65-102%²
Mississippi DOT	―	95-98%	―	―
Missouri DOT	✓	95%	―	Optimum
Nebraska DOR	―	Proctor, nuclear gauge or LWD	―	Nuclear gauge or burner in field lab
Nevada DOT	―	90%	―	For compaction
New Brunswick DOTI	―	95%	Variable	―
New York State DOT	✓	95%	―	―
Ohio DOT	✓	98-102%⁵	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	―	95%²	―	―
Ontario MOT	―	98% of target density	―	―
Oregon DOT	✓	95%²	―	±2% of optimum
Pennsylvania DOT	✓	100%	―	Optimum to -3% of optimum
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	100%	―	✓
South Carolina DOT⁶	✓	95%²	―	―
South Dakota DOT	―	Section 120	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	100%²	―	―

Page 103 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Proof Rolling	In-Place Density	No. of Passes	Moisture Content
Texas DOT	✓	―	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	95%	Variable	―
Wisconsin DOT	✓	90-100%^2,5	―	―
No. of Responses	16	30	3	12

¹ AASHTO T 99.

² AASHTO T 180

³ If the soil can’t be compacted at specified moisture content, it can be compacted at lower moisture contents to achieve the required density.

⁴ Dynamic Cone Penetrometer.

⁵ Maximum dry density.

⁶ Soil classification.

―N/A

Table D-36. Methods for monitoring permeable aggregate base/ aggregate separator layer placement.

Agency	Layer Thickness	In-Place Density	No. of Passes	Aggregate Gradation
Alabama DOT	✓	100%²	―	✓
Arizona DOT	✓	100%	―	✓
Colorado DOT	✓	95%²	―	✓
Florida DOT¹	✓	98%²	―	✓
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	―	✓
Idaho TD	―	―	―	✓
Indiana DOT	✓	LWD	―	✓
Kentucky TC³	―	―	―	✓
Manitoba I&T	✓	98%	―	✓
Minnesota DOT	✓	―	4	✓
Missouri DOT	✓	95%	―	✓
Nevada DOT	✓	95%	3 min.	✓
New Brunswick DOTI	✓	95%	Variable	―
New York State DOT	✓	―	―	✓
Oklahoma DOT	✓	95-98%²	―	―
Ontario MOT	✓	100% of target density	―	✓
Oregon DOT⁴	✓	95%	―	✓
Pennsylvania DOT	✓	100%	―	✓
South Carolina DOT	✓	100%²	―	✓
No. of Responses	17	14	3	17

¹ Limit time layer is left uncovered.

² AASHTO T 180.

³ Asphalt seal coat.

⁴ Sand equivalent, LA abrasion, agency-specific degradation testing.

―N/A

Page 104 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-37. Methods for monitoring permeable asphalt-treated base placement.

Agency	Placement Temperature	Compaction Temperature	Layer Thickness	In-Place Density	No. of Passes	Aggregate Gradation	Binder Content	Permeability/Drainability
Alabama DOT	Varies	150°F	✓	94% of target	―	✓	2-3%	―
California DOT	≥ 260°F	≥ 140°F; ≥ 200°F rubberized asphalt	✓	91-97%	―	―	2.5%	―
Florida DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Idaho TD	―	―	―	―	2¹	✓	―	―
Indiana DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	✓	―
Kentucky TC	180-260	―	✓	―	―	✓	1.5-2.5%	✓
Maine DOT	50°F & rising	―	―	―	≥ 3	―	> 2%	―
Minnesota DOT	―	―	✓	―	4	✓	3%	―
Missouri DOT	―	―	―	―	≥ 3	―	―	―
Nevada DOT	300°F min.	185°F min.	✓	―	²	✓	± 0.4% of design	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	―	✓	95%	Varies	✓	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
Ontario MOT³	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	1.8% ±0.2	―
South Carolina DOT	✓	175°F min.	✓	98-102%	―	✓	✓	―
Tennessee DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
No. of Responses	6	4	11	5	6	8	9	1

¹ Two breakdown and two finish.

² Field determined with test sections.

³ Porosity 0.25-0.5.

―N/A

Page 105 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-38. Methods for monitoring cement-treated permeable base placement.

Agency	Layer Thicknes s	In-Place Density	Aggregate Gradation	Cement Content	Curing Method
California DOT	✓	95% relative compaction (TM 231)	✓	287 lb/yd³; 0.37 w/c	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
Kentucky TC¹	✓	―	✓	0.37 w/c	Polyethylene sheeting, curing compound
Missouri DOT	✓	―	✓	―	Fine mist curing, wet burlap covers
Nevada DOT²	✓	92%	―	> 282 lb/yd³	Wax based white pigmented curing compound
Oklahoma DOT	✓	95% (OHD L-53)	―	―	―
Ontario MOT³	✓	―	✓	202±17 lb/yd³	―
South Carolina DOT	✓	100%⁴	―	―	Prime coat
Tennessee DOT	✓	―	―	―	―
No. of Responses	9	4	5	5	5

¹ Compressive strength – 400 psi.

² Two passes within 30 minutes.

³ Porosity – 0.25-0.5.

⁴ AASHTO T 180.

―N/A

Page 106 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-39. Methods for verifying asphalt mixture in-place density.

Agency	Cores	Nuclear Density Gauge	Non-Nuclear Density Gauge
Alabama DOT	✓	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―
Alberta Transportation	✓	―	―
Arizona DOT	✓	✓	―
California DOT	✓	✓	―
Colorado DOT	✓	✓	―
Connecticut DOT	―	―	―
Florida DOT	✓	✓	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	―
Idaho TD	―	✓	PQI or Pavetraker
Indiana DOT	✓	―	―
Kentucky TC	✓	✓	―
Maine DOT	✓	✓	PQI
Manitoba I&T	✓	✓	―
Maryland SHA	✓	―	―
Minnesota DOT	✓	―	―
Mississippi DOT	✓	✓	―
Missouri DOT	✓	✓	―
Nebraska DOR	✓	✓	PQI or equivalent
Nevada DOT	✓	✓	―
New Brunswick DOTI	✓	✓	―
New Jersey DOT	―	―	―
New York State DOT	✓	✓	Trans Tech PQI
Ohio DOT	✓	✓	Trans Tech
Oklahoma DOT	✓	✓	―
Ontario MOT	✓	―	―
Oregon DOT	―	✓	―
Pennsylvania DOT	✓	✓	Trans Tech PQI Model 300 or 301, Troxler PaveTracker
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	✓	―
South Carolina DOT	✓	✓	―
South Dakota DOT	✓	✓	―
Tennessee DOT	―	✓	―
Texas DOT	✓	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	✓	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	✓	―
No. of Responses	28	24	6

―N/A

Page 107 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-40. Asphalt pavement distress types that indicate damage due to the presence of water.

Distress/Condition	Pavement Type (No. of Responses)
Distress/Condition	New	Rehabilitation	Preservation
Pumping	27	29	21
Stripping	23	29	24
Potholes	19	24	19
Alligator cracking	13	18	13
Delamination	10	14	13
Heaving	14	14	14
Raveling	14	14	11
Patching	9	12	9
Increased roughness	9	10	8
Longitudinal cracking	8	7	6
Rutting	7	7	6
Segregation	3	4	3
Bleeding	3	2	2
Transverse cracking	2	2	2

Additional comments:

California DOT – some distresses may not be caused by water but become more severe in the presence of water.
Nevada DOT – alligator cracking occurs at times when base has been compromised due to the presence of water.

Table D-41. Composite pavement distress types that indicate damage due to the presence of water.

Distress/Condition	Pavement Type (No. of Responses)
Distress/Condition	New	Rehabilitation	Preservation
Pumping	15	20	16
Stripping	13	20	15
Delamination	8	14	10
Potholes	11	13	11
Patching	7	11	9
Raveling	9	9	7
Increased roughness	5	8	6
Alligator cracking	3	7	6
Transverse cracking	2	4	4
Longitudinal cracking	2	3	3
Bleeding	1	2	0
Segregation	1	2	1
Reflection cracking	0	1	0
Rutting	0	1	1

Page 108 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-42. Methods for assessing distress due to the presence of water.

Agency	Agency Personnel Notification	Pavement Condition Survey	Coring	Trench Studies	Records Review	NDT¹	Laboratory Testing (Asphalt)	Triggered by Pavement Management
Alabama DOT	✓	―	✓	―	✓	GPR	✓	―
Alaska DOT&PF	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Alberta Transportation	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―
Arizona DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
California DOT	―	✓	―	✓²	―	―	―	―
Colorado DOT	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Florida DOT	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
Idaho TD	―	―	✓	―	―	FWD	―	―
Indiana DOT	―	―	✓	―	✓	FWD, GPR	✓	✓
Kansas DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Kentucky TC	✓	―	✓	―	✓	FWD, GPR	―	✓
Maine DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―
Manitoba I&T	✓	―	✓	―	✓	―	✓	―
Maryland SHA	✓	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―
Minnesota DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Mississippi DOT	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Nebraska DOR	✓	―	✓	―	―	FWD	✓	―
Nevada DOT	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―	―	―
New Brunswick DOTI	―	―	―	―	✓	―	✓	✓
New Jersey DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
New York State DOT	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
Ohio DOT	―	✓	✓	―	✓	FWD	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Ontario MOT	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―
Oregon DOT	―	✓	✓	―	✓	FWD	✓	✓
Pennsylvania DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	―	✓	―	✓	FWD, GPR	✓	―

Page 109 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Agency Personnel Notification	Pavement Condition Survey	Coring	Trench Studies	Records Review	NDT¹	Laboratory Testing (Asphalt)	Triggered by Pavement Management
South Carolina DOT	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	―	✓	―
South Dakota DOT	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	―
Texas DOT	―	―	✓	✓	―	GPR	✓	―
Washington State DOT	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―
No. of Responses	14	14	28	9	12	9	17	5

¹ Nondestructive testing (NDT) – falling weight deflectometer (FWD); ground-penetrating radar (GPR).

² Special investigations.

―N/A

Page 110 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-43. Drainage preventive maintenance activities.

Agency	Edge drain Video Inspection	Inspect Pipe Systems	Flush Edge drains	Unplug Outlets, Filters, & Drains	Mow Around Outlet Pipes	Repair/Replace Components	Clean Roadside Ditches	Deepen Roadside Ditches	Mow & Clean Ditches	Remove Debris from Culverts
Alabama DOT	―	¹	―	¹	―	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹
Alaska DOT&PF	―	―	―	―	―	✓	¹	―	¹	¹
Alberta Transportation	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	¹	2-3 yrs¹
Arizona DOT	―	¹	―	¹	¹	¹	¹	―	―	―
California DOT	―	¹	¹	―	Annual¹	¹	¹	¹	Annual¹	¹
Colorado DOT	―	Annual	―	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹
Florida DOT	―	Annual	―	―	¹	✓	¹	―	¹	¹
Hawaii DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―
Idaho TD	―	―	―	―	¹	―	¹	―	¹	¹
Indiana DOT²	²	²	^1,2	²	Biannual	✓	every 7 yrs	every 7 yrs, if needed	Biannual	¹
Kentucky TC	³	³	―	⁴	―	✓	²	―	―	²
Maine DOT	―	¹	―	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹
Manitoba I&T	―	―	―	―	―	―	¹	¹	¹	¹
Mississippi DOT	―	―	―	―	Annual	✓	¹	―	Annual	¹
Minnesota DOT	―	―	―	Annual	―	―	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	―	―	―	―	3 x /yr	―	Random	Random	3 x /yr	Random
Mississippi DOT	―	Every 2 yrs	¹	¹	―	―	―	―	―	―
Nebraska DOR	―	¹	―	¹	Based on growth	―	¹	―	―	¹
Nevada DOT	¹	¹	¹	¹	Annual	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹
New Brunswick DOTI	―	¹	―	―	―	✓	¹	―	―	¹
New York State DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	¹	―	2 x /yr	¹
Ohio DOT	―	Variable	―	Variable	―	Variable	Variable	―	Variable	Variable

Page 111 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Edge drain Video Inspection	Inspect Pipe Systems	Flush Edge drains	Unplug Outlets, Filters, & Drains	Mow Around Outlet Pipes	Repair/Replace Components	Clean Roadside Ditches	Deepen Roadside Ditches	Mow & Clean Ditches	Remove Debris from Culverts
Ontario MOT	―	―	―	―	―	✓	¹	―	―	¹
Oregon DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	¹	¹
Pennsylvania DOT	―	Every 4 yrs	―	¹	―	✓	¹	―	―	¹
Saskatchewan MHI	¹	¹	¹	―	¹	―	¹	¹	¹	¹
South Carolina DOT	¹	¹	¹	¹	Annual	✓	Annual	¹	Annual	¹
South Dakota DOT	―	―	―	1-2 x/yr	Annual	✓	―	―	―	―
Tennessee DOT	―	―	―	20%	80%	✓	―	―	70%	60%
Washington State DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	¹	―	¹	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	―	―	Annual	✓	―	―	✓	―
No. of Responses	6	16	6	15	16	20	24	10	21	24

¹ As needed.

² Rehabilitation projects only.

³ Only in severe cases.

⁴ Pavement maintenance projects only.

―N/A

Page 112 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-44. Pavement preservation activities used to minimize damage in asphalt pavements due to the presence of water.

Agency	Crack Sealing	Surface Seal	Chip Seal	Microsurfacing	Thin Asphalt Overlay
Alabama DOT	¹	¹	¹	¹	¹
Alaska DOT&PF	¹	―	―	―	―
Alberta Transportation	¹	¹ not more than once	¹	¹	¹
Arizona DOT	¹	¹	10-12 yrs low volume & non-interstate	¹	10-15 yrs
California DOT	¹	¹	―	¹	―
Colorado DOT	6-10 yrs	6-10 yrs	6-10 yrs	―	10-15 yrs
Florida DOT	―	―	―	―	¹
Idaho TD	¹	―	¹	¹	¹
Indiana DOT²	Every 3 yrs	―	¹	¹	¹
Kentucky TC	6-8 yrs	―	―	―	10-15 yrs
Maine DOT	¹	¹	―	¹	7 yrs minor collectors; others¹
Manitoba I&T	2-5 yrs	7-10 yrs	7-10 yrs	―	―
Maryland SHA	¹	―	―	¹,²	¹,²
Minnesota DOT	50% of roadway, every 3 yrs for overlays; every 8 yrs for new construction	―	50% of roadway, every 4-12 yrs	✓	―
Mississippi DOT	―	―	¹	―	¹
Nebraska DOR	Every 3 yrs	5-9 yrs after overlay	Variable	―	―
Nevada DOT³	8 yrs after overlay	4 yrs after overlay	9 yrs after overlay, 1 yr after crack seal	Case-by-case	¹
New Brunswick DOTI⁴	Variable	Variable	Variable	¹	―
New York State DOT	4-5 yrs	―	―	―	10-12 yrs
Ohio DOT	Variable	Shoulders occasionally	Variable	Variable	Variable
Oklahoma DOT	Variable	Variable	Variable	Variable	Variable
Ontario MOT	3 yrs	―	―	¹	¹
Oregon DOT	¹	―	7-15 yrs	―	¹
Pennsylvania DOT	3-5 yrs	―	7 yrs	7 yrs	8 yrs

Page 113 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Crack Sealing	Surface Seal	Chip Seal	Microsurfacing	Thin Asphalt Overlay
Saskatchewan MHI	After second winter for thermal cracks; 5-7yrs for other cracks	5-7 yrs	10-12 yrs	―	―
South Carolina DOT	¹	―	¹	¹	¹
South Dakota DOT	2 yrs after construction¹	―	3 yrs after construction; every 7 yrs	―	―
Tennessee DOT	Frequently	Sparsely	Sparsely	20+ projects/yr	20+ projects/yr
Texas DOT	¹	―	¹	―	―
Washington State DOT	¹	―	6-10 yrs	―	―
Wisconsin DOT	Variable	―	―	―	―
No. of Responses	29	14	22	17	20

¹ As needed.

² Ultra-thin bonded wearing course.

³ Mill+seal-1.5 in lift; rutting > 0.80 in.

⁴ Determined by pavement management.

―N/A

Page 114 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-45. Pavement preservation activities used to minimize damage in composite pavements due to the presence of water.

Agency	Crack Sealing	Surface Seal	Chip Seal	Microsurfacing	Thin Asphalt Overlay
Alabama DOT	As needed	As needed	As needed	As needed	As needed
Arizona DOT	As needed	As needed	10-12 yrs low volume & non-interstate	As needed	10-15 yrs
California DOT	As needed	As needed	–	As needed	–
Colorado DOT	6-10 yrs	6-10 yrs	6-10 yrs	–	10-15 yrs
Indiana DOT¹	Every 3 yrs	–	As needed	As needed	As needed
Kansas DOT	–	–	As needed	As needed	–
Kentucky TC	6-8 yrs	–	–	–	10-15 yrs
Maine DOT	As needed	As needed	–	–	7 yrs minor collectors; others, As needed
Manitoba I&T	2-5 yrs	–	7-10 yrs	–	–
Maryland SHA	As needed	–	–	As needed	As needed
Minnesota DOT	50% of roadways every 3 yrs	–	–	–	–
Mississippi DOT	–	–	–	–	As needed
Nevada DOT	8 yrs after overlay	4 yrs after overlay	9 yrs after overlay, 1 yr after crack sealing	Varies	–
Nebraska DOR	Every 3 yrs	5-9 yrs	5-9 yrs	–	–
New York State DOT	4-5 yrs	–	–	–	10-12 yrs
Ohio DOT	Variable	Shoulders	Variable	Variable	Variable
Oklahoma DOT	Variable	Variable	Variable	Variable	Variable
Ontario MOT	3 yrs	–	–	As needed	As needed
Oregon DOT	As needed	–	–	–	–
Pennsylvania DOT	3-5 yrs	–	–	7 yrs	8 yrs
South Carolina DOT	As needed	–	As needed	As needed	As needed
South Dakota DOT	2 yrs after construction, As needed	–	3 yrs after construction, every 7 yrs	–	–
Tennessee DOT	As needed	As needed	As needed	As needed	As needed
Texas DOT	As needed	–	As needed	When scheduled	–
Washington State DOT	As needed	–	6-10 yrs	–	–
Wisconsin DOT	Variable	–	–	–	–
No. of Responses	24	11	15	15	15

¹ Indiana DOT = Ultra-thin bonded wearing course.

―N/A

Page 115 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-46. Drainage retrofit included as part of a preservation project.

Agency	Activities
Indiana DOT	Underdrain video inspection including outlets and edge drains. Clean outlets and edge drains. Repair outlets and damaged edge drain sections. Remove old geocomposite edge drains. Install retrofit underdrains and new outlets.
Kentucky TC	Replace/install longitudinal edge drain system.
Maine DOT	Install underdrain. Improve outlets. Dig/clean ditches.
New Brunswick DOTI	Clear ditches. Replace defective cross-drains. Restore cross slopes.
New York State DOT	Add edge drains in sag vertical curves, the low side of super elevation, or other locations where damage is evident.
Oklahoma DOT	Install edge drains or pipe under drain.
Oregon DOT	Surface drainage improvements, such as grade corrections. Groove pavement surface. Add catch basins as needed.

Page 116 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-47. Pavement rehabilitation treatments used to address damage in asphalt pavements due to the presence of water.

Agency	Asphalt Overlay	Unbonded Concrete Overlay	Asphalt Overlay & Saw & Seal	Mill & Asphalt Overlay	Mill, Asphalt Overlay, & Saw & Seal	Cold In-Place Recycling	Hot In-Place Recycling	Reconstruct	Retrofit Edge drains
Alabama DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Alaska DOT&PF	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Alberta Transportation	✓	―	―	✓	―	✓	―	―	―
Arizona DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
California DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―
Colorado DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―
Florida DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Idaho TD¹	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Indiana DOT	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	✓
Kentucky TC	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
Maine DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―	✓	―	✓	✓
Maryland SHA	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Minnesota DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Mississippi DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―
Nevada DOT²	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
New Brunswick DOTI	✓	―	―	✓	―	✓	―	✓	✓
New York State DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	✓	―
Ohio DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Oklahoma DOT	✓	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Ontario MOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	✓
Oregon DOT³	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Pennsylvania DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Saskatchewan MHI	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
South Carolina DOT	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
South Dakota DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	✓	―

Page 117 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Agency	Asphalt Overlay	Unbonded Concrete Overlay	Asphalt Overlay & Saw & Seal	Mill & Asphalt Overlay	Mill, Asphalt Overlay, & Saw & Seal	Cold In-Place Recycling	Hot In-Place Recycling	Reconstruct	Retrofit Edge drains
Tennessee DOT	✓	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
Texas DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Washington State DOT⁴	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
No. of Responses	16	2	1	28	2	7	3	23	7

¹ Full-depth reclamation.

² Crack sealing.

³ Deep stripping, inlay truck lane with CRCP on low volume freeways.

⁴ Base layer repair.

―N/A

Page 118 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-48. Pavement rehabilitation treatments used to address damage in composite pavements due to the presence of water.

Agency	Asphalt Overlay	Asphalt Overlay & Saw & Seal	Mill & Asphalt Overlay	Mill, Asphalt Overlay, & Saw & Seal	Hot In-Place Recycling	Reconstruct	Retrofit Edge Drains
Alabama DOT	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Arizona DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	―
California DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	✓
Colorado DOT	✓	―	✓	―	✓	✓	―
Hawaii DOT	―	―	―	―	―	✓	―
Indiana DOT	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	✓
Kentucky TC	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	✓
Maine DOT	✓	―	✓	―	―	✓	✓
Maryland SHA	✓	―	✓	―	―	✓	―
Minnesota DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Mississippi DOT	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Missouri DOT	―	―	✓	―	✓	―	―
Nebraska DOR	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Nevada DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	✓
New York State DOT	✓	―	―	―	―	―	✓
Ohio DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Oklahoma DOT	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	✓
Ontario MOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓
Oregon DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Pennsylvania DOT	―	✓	―	✓	―	✓	―
South Carolina DOT	✓	―	✓	―	―	✓	―
South Dakota DOT	―	―	―	―	―	―	✓
Tennessee DOT	―	✓	―	✓	―	―	✓
Texas DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Washington State DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	―
Wisconsin DOT	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―
No. of Responses	9	3	20	3	2	11	10

―N/A

Page 119 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX D: AGENCY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table D-49. Effectiveness of activities for mitigating damage to asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water.

Feature	Effectiveness¹
Feature	1	2	3	4	5
Pavement drainage design	0	3	5	5	14
Asphalt mixture additives	1	2	7	9	12
Asphalt mixture air voids/in-place density	1	2	4	10	10
Asphalt mixture aggregate quality	1	3	6	12	8
Asphalt mixture type	1	3	8	6	8
Base type	1	4	12	2	5
Asphalt mixture binder content	1	2	10	12	4
Environmental conditions	1	2	12	6	4
Pavement age consideration	2	2	14	3	0
Traffic level considerations	3	1	11	8	0

¹ Rated on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective). Values shown represent the number of responding agencies.

Additional comments:

Pennsylvania DOT – age, traffic, or environment do not mitigate moisture damage to asphalt or composite pavements.
Indiana DOT – cement soil stabilization is a 4 on the rating scale.
Oregon DOT – capping a permeable layer with an impermeable layer is ineffective. The DOT has no history of adjusting binder content to improve moisture resistance although it is believed to be effective. The DOT has no conclusive opinion on the effect of base type for moisture resistance.