APPENDIX C—INDUSTRY SURVEY

Dear Survey Recipient,

The TRB is preparing guidelines for Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements Due to the Presence of Water. This is being done through NCHRP Project 01-54.

The purpose of this questionnaire is to solicit industry perspectives on best practices for minimizing damage of asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water. The survey results will help to identify specific pavement features and successful practices used by industry personnel, and to identify unique or innovative practices with high potential for success.

This survey includes questions related to drainage design, pavement structure consideration, construction, maintenance, preservation, and rehabilitation activities. Your thoughtful and complete responses are very important, as they will lead to improved guidance on mitigating moisture-related pavement damage, which in turn will improve pavement performance and reduce pavement life-cycle costs.

QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS

• Please complete and submit the online survey by November 14, 2014. We estimate that it should take approximately 30 to 45 minutes to complete. If you have any questions or problems related to this questionnaire, please contact Dr. Linda Pierce, Principal Investigator.
• If you are unable to complete the questionnaire during one sitting, you must click on the “save and continue” ribbon to obtain a link to reenter your survey. If you did not obtain a link in this manner, contact us for an edit link.
• If the survey requires completion by multiple people, the first respondent should complete their portion of the survey, click the “save and continue survey later” at the bottom of the screen, enter their email address, and upon receipt of the email with the edit link, forward to the next respondent. Alternatively, you may each fill out your portion of the survey individually and once the survey is closed, the Principal Investigator will combine the surveys from each individual for a single agency response. If any discrepancies exist, the agency will be contacted for clarification.
• Survey navigation is conducted by selecting the “back” (previous) or “next” button at the bottom of each survey page.
• We are interested in innovative and effective methods for minimizing pavement damage due to the presence of water. If you are aware of innovative and effective methods, please indicate where appropriate or in the comment section at the end of the survey.

Thank you for your time and for sharing your expertise in completing this important questionnaire.

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions are used in conjunction with this questionnaire:

• Asphalt pavement includes an AC layer(s) over treated or untreated base(s) over treated or untreated subgrade. Unless otherwise noted, reference to an asphalt pavement in this survey implies all pavement layers (asphalt layers, base layers, and subgrade).
• Composite pavement includes an AC surface layer(s) over concrete pavement over treated or untreated base(s) over treated or untreated subgrade. Unless otherwise noted, reference to a composite pavement in this survey implies all pavement layers (asphalt layers, concrete layer, base layers, and subgrade).

• Edge drain consist of a subsurface, longitudinal piping system with lateral outlet pipes located at the pavement edge with the intended purpose of removing infiltrated surface water and groundwater.
• Fin drain consist of prefabricated geocomposite material (structural core and geosynthetic cover) placed vertically adjacent to the pavement edge and a piping system to drain water from the base, subbase, and subgrade.
• New construction refers to the construction or reconstruction of a new pavement section from subgrade to wearing surface.
• Preservation is “a program employing a network-level, long-term strategy that enhances pavement [or drainage] performance by using an integrated, cost-effective set of practices that extend pavement [or drainage system] life, improve safety and meet motorist expectations.” Source: FHWA Pavement Preservation Expert Task Group.
• Preventive maintenance is “a planned strategy of cost-effective treatments to an existing roadway [or drainage] system and its appurtenances that preserves the system, slows future deterioration, and maintains or improves the functional condition of the system (without significantly increasing the structural capacity).” Source: AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways, 1997.
• Rehabilitation consists of “structural enhancements that extend the service life of an existing [drainage system], pavement and/or improve its load-carrying capacity. Rehabilitation techniques include restoration treatments and structural overlays.” Source: AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance.
• Routine maintenance “consists of work that is planned and performed on a routine basis to maintain and preserve the condition of the highway [or drainage] system or to respond to specific conditions and events that restore the highway system to an adequate level of service.” Source: AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance.
• Separator layer includes granular base materials or an appropriate geosynthetic placed to prevent mitigation of fine material from the subgrade into the pavement structure and deflect infiltrated water into a drainage system.
• Surface seals include fog seals, sand seals, and scrub seals.
• Underdrains remove water from cut sections and unexpected groundwater and are placed transversely under the roadway.

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Respondent details:
   • Name: _________________________________________
   • Title: _________________________________________
   • Affiliation: _________________________________________
   • Email: _________________________________________
   • Phone: _________________________________________

DRAINAGE DESIGN

2. Do you typically determine/evaluate pavement drainage system capacity needs using any of the following design procedures (select all that apply)?
   • No
   • Rational Method
   • DRIP software
   • MnDrain software
   • PAVDRN software
   • PURDRAIN software
   • Other (please specify): ____
3. How effective are the following features in minimizing pavement damage due to the presence of water? Rate on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective).

   Feature	Effectiveness
   	1 (ineffective)	2	3	4	5 (effective)
   Aggregate permeable base
   Asphalt permeable base
   Cement permeable base
   Curb and gutter
   Daylighted base
   Ditches
   Edge drains
   Fin drains
   Geosynthetic separator layer
   Open-graded friction course
   Permeable friction course
   Retrofit edge drains
   Underdrain
   Other (please specify): ________________________________________________

4. How effective are the following drainage systems in removing water from the pavement structure? Rate on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective).

   Feature	Effectiveness
   	1 (ineffective)	2	3	4	5 (effective)
   Aggregate trench
   Edge drains
   Underdrains
   Geocomposite fin drain
   Other (please specify): ________________________________________________

PAVEMENT STRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS

5. What methods are effective for reducing the impact of weak soils on pavement performance (select all that apply)?
   • Weak soils are typically not an issue
   • Remove and replace with higher quality material
   • Increase aggregate base layer thickness
   • Increase concrete layer thickness (composite pavements)
   • Increase asphalt layer thickness
   • Stabilize weak soil (e.g., flyash, lime-, or cement-treated)
   • Place a geosynthetic/geogrid
   • Other (please specify): ________________________
6. What methods are effective in addressing the impact of high or perched water tables on pavement performance (select all that apply)?
   • High or perched water tables are typically not a concern
   • Install culverts
   • Install edge drains
   • Increase depth of ditch
   • Other (please specify): ____
7. What geosynthetic applications are effective in minimizing pavement damage due to the presence of water (select all that apply)?
   • Subgrade separation
   • Subgrade stabilization
   • Base reinforcement
   • Overlay stress absorption and reinforcement
   • Drainage systems
   • Other (please specify): ____

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

8. When is the most appropriate time to install a drainage system?
   • Drainage systems are not used
   • Before pavement construction, placed at pavement/shoulder edge
   • Before pavement construction, placed at edge of outside shoulder
   • After pavement construction, placed at pavement/shoulder edge (retrofitted)
   • After pavement construction, placed at edge of outside shoulder
9. What is the best method for verifying the effectiveness of the installed drainage system?
   • Drainage systems are typically not required
   • Drainage system verification is not required
   • Video survey
   • Flush system with water
   • Other (please specify): ____
10. What methods are effective for ensuring subgrade compaction (select all that apply)?
    • Proof rolling
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Moisture content (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____
11. What methods are effective for monitoring permeable aggregate base/aggregate separator layer placement (select all that apply)?
    • Layer thickness
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Aggregate gradation
    • Permeability/drainability (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____
12. What methods are effective in monitoring permeable asphalt-treated base placement (select all that apply)?
    • Placement temperature (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Compaction temperature (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Layer thickness
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Aggregate gradation
    • Binder content (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Permeability/drainability (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____

13. What methods are effective in monitoring cement-treated permeable base placement (select all that apply)?
    • Layer thickness
    • In-place density (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Number of passes (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Aggregate gradation
    • Cement content (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Curing method
      • None
      • Polyethylene sheeting
      • Fine mist curing
      • Curing compound
      • Other (please specify): __________)
    • Permeability/drainability (please specify criteria: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____
14. What methods are effective in monitoring asphalt mixture in-place density (select all that apply)?
    • Cores
    • Nuclear density gauge
    • Non-nuclear density gauge (please specify equipment type: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____

PAVEMENT CONDITION ASSESSMENT

15. What asphalt pavement distresses indicate damage due to the presence of water (select all that apply)?
    • Alligator cracking
    • Bleeding
    • Heaving
    • Increased roughness
    • Longitudinal cracking
    • Patching
    • Potholes
    • Pumping
    • Raveling
    • Transverse cracking
    • Rutting
    • Segregation
    • Stripping
    • Other (please specify): ____

16. What composite pavement distresses indicate damage due to the presence of water (select all that apply)?
    • Alligator cracking
    • Bleeding
    • Increased roughness
    • Longitudinal cracking
    • Patching
    • Potholes
    • Pumping
    • Raveling
    • Reflective cracking
    • Segregation
    • Stripping
    • Other (please specify): ____

DRAINAGE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES

17. What drainage preventive maintenance activities are effective for minimizing pavement damage due to the presence of water (select all that apply)?
    • Video inspection of edge drains (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Inspect outlet pipes and pipe systems (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Flush edge drains (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Unplug outlets, filters, and drains (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Mow around outlet pipes (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Repair/replace components (e.g., outlets, pipes, filters, drains) as necessary
    • Clean roadside ditches (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Deepen roadside ditches (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Mow and clean roadside ditches (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Remove debris from culverts(please specify frequency: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____

PAVEMENT PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION ACTIVITIES

18. What pavement treatments are effective in minimizing damage in asphalt pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Crack sealing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Surface seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Chip seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Microsurfacing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Thin asphalt overlay (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____

19. What treatments are effective in minimizing damage in composite pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Crack sealing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Surface seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Chip seal (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Microsurfacing (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Thin asphalt overlay (please specify frequency: __________)
    • Other (please specify): ____

PAVEMENT REHABILITATION CONSIDERATIONS

20. What rehabilitation methods are effective for addressing damage in asphalt pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Asphalt overlay
    • Unbonded concrete overlay
    • Asphalt overlay and saw and seal
    • Mill and asphalt overlay
    • Mill, asphalt overlay, and saw and seal
    • Cold in-place recycling
    • Hot in-place recycling
    • Reconstruction
    • Retrofit edge drains
    • Other (please specify): ____
21. What rehabilitation methods are effective for addressing damage in composite pavements due to water (select all that apply)?
    • Asphalt overlay
    • Asphalt overlay and saw and seal
    • Mill and asphalt overlay
    • Mill, asphalt overlay, and saw and seal
    • Hot in-place recycling
    • Reconstruction
    • Retrofit edge drains
    • Other (please specify): ____

OVERALL ASSESSMENT

22. How effective are the following features for mitigating damage to asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water? Rate on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective).

    Feature	Effectiveness
    	1 (ineffective)	2	3	4	5 (effective)
    Asphalt mixture additives
    Asphalt mixture aggregate quality
    Asphalt mixture air void content (in-place density)
    Asphalt mixture binder content
    Asphalt mixture type (e.g., open-graded, dense-grade, gap-graded)
    Base type (treated versus untreated)
    Pavement drainage design
    Pavement age considerations
    Traffic level considerations
    Environmental conditions (e.g., rainfall amount, freeze-thaw conditions).
    Other (please specify): ________________________________________________

23. Do you have any reports, are you conducting relevant research, or do you have any other comments you would like to share regarding successful methods and techniques for minimizing water damage in asphalt and composite pavements?