Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development: A Final Report
2024

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National and international plans for halting and reversing climate change focus on reducing and eventually ending the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions: carbon dioxide (CO₂) released by fossil fuel combustion. However, as the nation moves towards replacing many fossil CO₂-emitting processes with zero- or low-carbon-emission alternatives, special attention is needed to eliminate net carbon emissions from the systems that cannot be fully "decarbonized", such as the production of aviation fuel, chemicals, plastics, and construction materials. For these systems, carbon will need to be managed and utilized effectively, in a way that either prevents CO₂ from entering the atmosphere or reuses it through circular processes that do not contribute additional emissions.

Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development: A Final Report is the second report of a two-part study. The study's first report assessed the state of infrastructure for CO₂ transportation, use, and storage, highlighting priority opportunities for further investment. This second report identifies potential markets and commercialization opportunities for CO₂- and coal waste-derived products, examines economic, environmental, and climate impacts of CO₂ utilization infrastructure, and puts forward a comprehensive research agenda for carbon utilization technologies.

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538 pages · 8.5 x 11 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71775-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71776-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/27732

Suggested citation

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development: A Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Front Matter i-xii
Summary 1-12
1 Introduction 13-25
2 Priority Opportunities for CO2- or Coal WasteDerived Products in a Net-Zero Emissions Future 26-64
3 Life Cycle, Techno-Economic, and Societal/Equity Assessments of CO2 Utilization Processes, Technologies, and Systems 65-106
4 Policy and Regulatory Frameworks Needed for Economically Viable and Sustainable CO2 Utilization 107-161
5 Mineralization of CO2 to Inorganic Carbonates 162-202
6 Chemical CO2 Conversion to Elemental Carbon Materials 203-234
7 Chemical CO2 Conversion to Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers 235-284
8 Biological CO2 Conversion to Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers 285-310
9 Products from Coal Waste 311-358
10 CO2 Utilization Infrastructure 359-402
11 A Comprehensive Research Agenda for CO2 and Coal Waste Utilization 403-422
Appendixes 423-424
Appendix A: Committee Member Biographical Information 425-430
Appendix B: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest 431-433
Appendix C: Committee Information-Gathering Sessions 434-436
Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations 437-440
Appendix E: Supplemental Material to the Comprehensive Research Agenda for CO2 and Coal Waste Utilization 441-460
Appendix F: CO2 Capture and Purification Technology Research, Development, and Demonstration Needs 461-465
Appendix G: Key Features of Effective Siting and Permitting Processes 466-467
Appendix H: CO2 Stream Impurities and CO2 Purity Requirements for Transport and Utilization 468-472
Appendix I: Additional Information on Markets for CO2 Utilization 473-477
Appendix J: Background Information About Life Cycle, Techno-Economic, and Societal/Equity Assessments 478-481
Appendix K: Elemental Carbon Products Literature Review 482-503
Appendix L: Extraction of Select Critical Minerals from Coal Wastes: Literature Review 504-526

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Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development: A Final Report (2024)

Chapter: Appendixes

Appendixes