Acknowledgments

This report would not have been possible without the contributions of many people. First, we thank the sponsor of this study, the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, for requesting and supporting this endeavor. We have admired the sponsor’s dedication to an evidence-led approach to further its programming.

Special thanks go to the members of the study committee, who dedicated extensive time, thought, and energy to this report. In addition to its own research and deliberations, the committee received input from several outside sources, whose willingness to share their perspectives and experience was essential to the committee’s work. We thank Mark Berlin (Marquette University), Derryck Martin Espinoza (Trinidad & Tobago Police Service), Claudia Flores (University of Chicago), Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich (Michigan State University), Sean Tait (African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum), and Stephen Williams (University of the West Indies). The committee also gathered information through two commissioned papers. We thank Ignacio Cano (State University of Rio de Janeiro) and Geoffrey Alpert (University of South Carolina) and colleagues, Kyle McLean (Clemson University) and Seth Stoughton (University of South Carolina) for their papers and for contributing both to the discussion at the committee’s information gathering workshop and to findings in the report.

The committee also wishes to extend its gratitude to the staff of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in particular to: study director Julie Schuck, who made critical substantive contributions to the conception, writing, and editing of the report; Jessalyn Brogan Walker who was the study director through June 2021, identified and prepared

commissioned paper authors as well as assembled suggestions of experts for the committee’s workshop; Emily Backes who provided substantive writing and editing contributions and critical oversight and direction for the project; Abigail Allen who played an essential role in providing thorough and rigorous research and writing for the project; as well as both Sarah Perumattam and Sunia Young who provided key administrative and logistical support while making sure the committee process ran efficiently and smoothly. Further, we want to extend thanks to the National Academies Research Center, particularly Anne Marie Houppert and Rebecca Morgan, provided valuable research assistance. From the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, we thank Kirsten Sampson-Snyder, who shepherded the report through the review process, and Douglas Sprunger, who assisted with the report’s communication and dissemination. We also thank technical writer Megan Snair for quickly summarizing the presentations and discussions from the committee’s workshop and, with editor Marc DeFrancis, provided skillful writing and editing of the report manuscript.

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Cynthia M. Beall, Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University; Felipe M. Goncalves, Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles; Ross Hendy, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Edward Maguire, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University; Louise Porter, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University; Gregory K. Ridgway, Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania; Nazli Yildirim Schierkolk, Independent Expert on Police Accountability, Europe; and Lucía Tiscornia, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Division of International Studies, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Mexico City.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Alex R. Piquero, Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Miami, and Philip J. Cook, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and

that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

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