The affordability of health professional education (HPE) is a critical issue in the U.S., with rising costs and mounting debt impacting who can enter and sustain health professional careers. The National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education convened a workshop series in early 2025 to examine financial barriers, assess workforce effects, and consider strategies to improve the value and accessibility of HPE. Policy experts, educators, students, and international stakeholders discussed topics such as financing and payment models that influence access to HPE programs; the impact of debt on students' decisions to enter primary care or practice in rural and underserved areas; and return on investment considerations for HPE programs and their implications for individuals, institutions, and society. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes presentations and discussions that took place across the series.
11 pages
·
8.5 x 11
·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60045-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29271
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Affordability of Health Professional Education: Proceedings of a Workshop Series—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop_in_brief
Diagnostic errors are a significant patient safety concern, impacting millions of people across the United States each year. Strengthening education and training for all health care professionals involved in the diagnostic process is essential to improving diagnostic accuracy, timeliness of treatment, and patient outcomes.
In April 2025, the National Academies Forum on Advancing Diagnostic Excellence hosted a public workshop to examine approaches to strengthening health care professional education and training in diagnosis. Speakers explored key topics such as improving diagnostic reasoning for trainees and educators, promoting the appropriate use of diagnostic tests and technologies, fostering patient-centered communication, and advancing interprofessional collaboration. This Proceedings of a Workshop-In Brief highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
19 pages
·
8.5 x 11
·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99468-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29203
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Advancing Health Care Professional Education and Training in Diagnostic Excellence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SOTL) is a systematic and evidence-based approach to examining teaching and improving learning that is openly shared. In the summer and fall of 2024, the National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education held a public workshop series exploring current and future applications of SOTL to health professional education and elevating its critical value for advancing health professional workforce development across the education to practice continuum. This Proceedings of a Workshop highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
102 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09902-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-09903-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29089
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Innovating Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Consensus
Around 10-20% of people who contract Lyme disease, the most common tickborne disease in the U.S., develop persistent, often debilitating symptoms such as chronic pain, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction. Lyme infection-associated chronic illnesses (IACI) share symptoms common to other IACI such as Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Despite the chronic impact on the quality of life for many people, there are currently no validated interventions to treat Lyme IACI.
In response to this unmet need, the Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation asked the National Academies to convene a committee of experts to assess the evidence for disease mechanisms, diagnoses, and treatments of Lyme IACI and illuminate a pathway for the development of new treatments. The resulting report, Charting a Path Toward New Treatments for Lyme Infection-Associated Chronic Illnesses, makes recommendations around developing treatments that improve function and quality of life based on currently available evidence, while continuing research to identify root causes and mechanisms of the disease.
252 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73098-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73099-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28578
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Charting a Path Toward New Treatments for Lyme Infection-Associated Chronic Illnesses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
Advances in genome sequencing technologies, like next-generation sequencing, provide powerful tools that have vastly improved the detection and classification of pathogens and disease outbreaks and support data-driven public health responses. In July 2024, the National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore opportunities to advance the use of pathogen genomics and metagenomics data in the U.S. public health system. Speakers considered the application of these technologies to monitoring disease, characterization of emerging pathogens, rapid public health response to outbreaks, and biomedical research.
128 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09984-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-09986-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29103
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Accelerating the Use of Pathogen Genomics and Metagenomics in Public Health: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
The National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education hosted a hybrid public workshop in March 2024 to consider the use of admissions strategies for ensuring a sustainable, high-quality workforce that is adequately staffed, reflects the population being served, and is equitably distributed. Speakers explored the evidence supporting present and potential admissions processes and which metrics best track students' professional outcomes after admissions.
108 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72707-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72708-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27979
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Optimizing Recruitment and Admissions Strategies in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
Arboviruses, or viruses carried by arthropods like mosquitoes or ticks, are responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide each year. As the climate changes globally, the geographic distribution of these diseases, including Zika, dengue, chikungunya, West Nile, and yellow fever, are steadily expanding. The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop in December 2023 to explore avenues of threat reduction from known and emerging arboviral diseases in the context of public health preparedness and capacity building. The workshop featured talks from experts in entomology, public health, ecology, virology, immunology, disease modeling, and urban planning.
146 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71927-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71928-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27774
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Mitigating Arboviral Threat and Strengthening Public Health Preparedness: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop_in_brief
Avian Influenza A (H5) viruses have circulated globally for decades among migratory bird populations. The recent emergence of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in U.S. dairy cattle has led to challenges in managing and controlling the spread of H5 viruses between livestock, wildlife, and companion animals, as well as to humans from infected animals. The National Academies hosted a public workshop in October 2024 to explore potential research priorities that could inform readiness and response to the outbreak. Discussions followed an interdisciplinary One Health approach, bringing together experts from across human, veterinary, plant, and environmental health disciplines, and builds on published federal research priorities for H5N1 to include perspectives beyond basic translational clinical sciences, to social sciences, veterinary health, agricultural economics, and occupational health, among others.
14 pages
·
8.5 x 11
·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73112-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28581
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Potential Research Priorities to Inform U.S. Readiness and Response to Avian Influenza A (H5N1): Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop_in_brief
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is linked to millions of deaths globally each year. As an evolving public health threat, there is a need to further develop methods to quantify AMR's burden within medical practice and other sectors like food production. The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop in March 2024 to explore the burden of AMR and discuss clinical, scientific, and policy strategies for addressing the growing AMR health threat across sectors.
12 pages
·
8.5 x 11
·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72924-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28039
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Assessing the Burden of and Potential Strategies to Address Antimicrobial Resistance: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Consensus
Infant formula is a primary or supplementary source of nutrition for many infants in the U.S. Consequently, disruptions to the supply of infant formula can have a severe impact on infants' health and well-being. In late 2021 and early 2022, a recall of specific infant formula products, followed by a pause in production, resulted in a widespread, national shortage. The incident demonstrated that additional risk management planning is needed to protect infants from the consequences of potential future supply chain disruptions.
In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration contracted with the National Academies to convene an expert committee to examine and report on challenges in supply, market competition, and regulation of infant formula. The resulting consensus study report explains policy and marketplace vulnerabilities that were exposed during the shortage, describes the extent to which actions taken by relevant stakeholders addressed these vulnerabilities, identifies remaining gaps in the system, and recommends actions to reduce the risk and lessen the effect of any future disruption to the infant formula supply chain.
400 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71896-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71897-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27765
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Challenges in Supply, Market Competition, and Regulation of Infant Formula in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
In February 2024, the National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education co-hosted a public workshop with Penn Dental Medicine to explore value proposition for oral health promotion and disease prevention. Experts from around the globe representing multiple sectors, discussed the value of holistic oral health, particularly for those with disabilities, and the importance of interprofessional education and collaborative practices aimed at whole-person oral health care.
124 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71880-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71881-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27761
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Whole-Person Oral Health Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
With recent medical, technological, and socioeconomic developments, people are living longer. The rising average age of the world's population presents an opportunity to develop health policy that prioritizes functioning as a goal of healthy aging. In February 2024, the National Academies convened a hybrid workshop at the University of Lucerne in Switzerland to host a discussion focused on the World Health Organization's concept of functioning. Speakers paid particular focus to healthy aging and the future of rehabilitation as a health strategy. Experts emphasized that the need for rehabilitation is increasing due to rapid population aging accompanied by a rise in physical and mental health conditions, limitations, and injuries. The associated economic and practical obstacles of optimizing functioning across the life course were also discussed.
106 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71888-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71889-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27763
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Aging, Functioning, and Rehabilitation: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
Patients living with and beyond cancer often require care from a wide range of clinicians as they navigate cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship care. To examine opportunities to improve equitable access to high-quality multispecialty and multidisciplinary expert care for people living with and beyond cancer, the National Academies National Cancer Policy Forum hosted a public workshop in collaboration with the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education.
84 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71912-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71913-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27769
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Developing a Multidisciplinary and Multispecialty Workforce for Patients with Cancer, from Diagnosis to Survivorship: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Since its establishment in 1996, the Forum on Microbial Threats has provided a platform for leaders from a wide range of disciplines and industries to debate and collaborate on the most effective ways to understand, anticipate, and manage emerging infectious diseases. The world still grapples with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic at the same time as it addresses other infectious disease threats from highly pathogenic avian influenza to the spread of endemic zoonotic pathogens. In 2023, the forum held two workshops on infection-associated chronic illnesses and the mitigation of arboviral threats. The forum also continued to work closely with the One Health Action Collaborative and remained committed to both cross-disciplinary and community public health discourse.
16 pages
·
8.5 x 11
·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72451-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27910
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Forum on Microbial Threats: Annual Report 2023. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Consensus
The lack of a clear and consistent definition for Long COVID presents challenges for policymakers, researchers, public health professionals, clinicians, support services, and patients. As such, the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health asked the National Academies to assemble a committee of experts to produce a consensus definition for Long COVID. The resulting report, A Long COVID Definition: A Chronic, Systemic Disease State with Profound Consequences, presents the 2024 NASEM Long COVID Definition, developed based on findings reported in existing literature, as well as stakeholder and patient input.
186 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71908-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71909-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27768
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. A Long COVID Definition: A Chronic, Systemic Disease State with Profound Consequences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
The National Academies Global Forum on Innovations in Health Professional Education held a public workshop in November 2023. Speakers explored how health professional educators and providers with health systems science (HSS) training can prepare learners to work together within health systems, resulting in better patient care, improved population health, and enhanced health professional well-being. Organizers hosted a public pre-workshop in October 2023 to create a foundational understanding of HSS prior to their workshop.
90 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71808-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71809-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27740
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Health Systems Science Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Consensus
At the request of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, the National Academies convened a committee to examine lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and mpox multi-country outbreak to inform an evaluation of the state of smallpox research, development, and stockpiling of medical countermeasures (MCM). In the resulting report, the committee presents findings and conclusions that may inform U.S. Government investment decisions in smallpox MCM readiness, as well as the official U.S. position on the disposition of live viral collections at future World Health Assembly meetings.
194 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71737-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71738-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27652
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Future State of Smallpox Medical Countermeasures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to:
Workshop
The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats and Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a hybrid public workshop in June 2023 to explore opportunities to advance research and treatment of infection-associated chronic illnesses. The illnesses discussed in this workshop, including COVID-19, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), persistent or posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), and multiple sclerosis (MS), share overlapping mechanisms and symptoms and have been inadequately researched. Recognizing these commonalities, speakers identified the need to advance research more comprehensively, translating to improved diagnostic and treatment options for patients across multiple conditions.
126 pages
·
6 x 9
·
paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71524-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71525-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27462
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Toward a Common Research Agenda in Infection-Associated Chronic Illnesses: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Import this citation to: