Consensus
The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the fragility of the global system of preparedness and response to pandemics and the fragmentation of our research and development ecosystem. The pandemic has provided a disruptive moment to advance new norms and frameworks for influenza. It also has demonstrated how innovative global public-private partnerships and coordination mechanisms can lead to rapid successes in viral vaccine research, manufacturing, and risk pooling.
Countering the Pandemic Threat Through Global Coordination on Vaccines identifies ways to strengthen pandemic and seasonal influenza global coordination, partnerships, and financing. This report presents seven overarching recommendations for how the urgent influenza threat should be conceptualized and prioritized within the global pandemic preparedness and response agenda in the future.
236 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08870-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-08876-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26284
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academy of Medicine. 2022. Countering the Pandemic Threat Through Global Coordination on Vaccines: The Influenza Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Influenza viruses, both seasonal and pandemic, have the potential to disrupt the health and well-being of populations around the world. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and prior public health emergencies of international concern illustrate the importance of global preparedness and coordination among governments, academia, scientists, policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and the public to address the threat of pandemic influenza. These health emergencies have revealed opportunities to enhance global vaccine infrastructure, manufacturing, distribution, and administration.
Globally Resilient Supply Chains for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines outlines key findings and recommendations to bolster vaccine distribution, manufacturing, and supply chains for future seasonal and pandemic influenza events. This report addresses the challenges of manufacturing and distributing vaccines for both seasonal and pandemic influenza, highlighting the critical components of vaccine manufacturing and distribution and offering recommendations that would address gaps in the current global vaccine infrastructure.
264 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08915-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-08899-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26285
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academy of Medicine. 2022. Globally Resilient Supply Chains for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the world's preparedness for a respiratory virus event. While the world has been combating COVID-19, seasonal and pandemic influenza remain imminent global health threats. Non-vaccine public health control measures can combat emerging and ongoing influenza outbreaks by mitigating viral spread.
Public Health Lessons for Non-Vaccine Influenza Interventions examines provides conclusions and recommendations from an expert committee on how to leverage the knowledge gained from the COVID-19 pandemic to optimize the use of public health interventions other than vaccines to decrease the toll of future seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza. It considers the effectiveness of public health efforts such as use of masks and indoor spacing, use of treatments such as monoclonal antibodies, and public health communication campaigns.
216 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08817-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-08831-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26283
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academy of Medicine. 2022. Public Health Lessons for Non-Vaccine Influenza Interventions: Looking Past COVID-19. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The global response to COVID-19 has demonstrated the importance of vigilance and preparedness for infectious diseases, particularly influenza. There is a need for more effective influenza vaccines and modern manufacturing technologies that are adaptable and scalable to meet demand during a pandemic. The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines has demonstrated what is possible with extensive data sharing, researchers who have the necessary resources and novel technologies to conduct and apply their research, rolling review by regulators, and public-private partnerships. As demonstrated throughout the response to COVID-19, the process of research and development of novel vaccines can be significantly optimized when stakeholders are provided with the resources and technologies needed to support their response.
Vaccine Research and Development to Advance Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza Preparedness and Response focuses on how to leverage the knowledge gained from the COVID-19 pandemic to optimize vaccine research and development (R&D) to support the prevention and control of seasonal and pandemic influenza. The committee's findings address four dimensions of vaccine R&D: (1) basic and translational science, (2) clinical science, (3) manufacturing science, and (4) regulatory science.
178 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08781-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-08782-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26282
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academy of Medicine. 2022. Vaccine Research and Development to Advance Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza Preparedness and Response: Lessons from COVID-19. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The Forum on Microbial Threats of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Health and Medicine Division hosted a virtual workshop on July 22, 2021 to evaluate the current status in tuberculosis (TB) eradication and the impact that COVID-19 has had on the global fight against TB. With support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, the workshop examined technological and strategic innovations that can be leveraged to meet the targets set by the United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis and the END TB Strategy from the World Health Organization. Workshop discussions comprised four main topics: gaps and challenges in diagnostic technologies, including point-of-care testing; promising potentials of vaccination approaches, including existing tools in the development pipeline and new vaccine platforms; possibilities and encouraging progress toward achieving a shorter, non-toxic treatment regimen; and opportunities for engaging increased and sustained commitments to achieve targets for ending TB in the face of challenges from COVID-19 and future disease threats. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop.
12 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-27404-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26404
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Innovations for Tackling Tuberculosis in the Time of COVID-19: Current Tools and Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
During the COVID-19 pandemic, health professionals adapted, innovated, and accelerated in order to meet the needs of students, patients, and the community. To examine and learn from these experiences, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education convened a series of workshops, the first of which was a one-day virtual workshop on December 3, 2020.
The first workshop explored lessons learned in the grand challenges facing health professions education (HPE) stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and how those positive and negative experiences might inform development of sustainable improvements in the value, effectiveness, and impact of HPE. Educators, students, administrators, and health professionals shared ideas, stories, and data in an effort to discuss the future of HPE by learning from past experiences. Topics included: evaluation of online education; innovations in interprofessional education and learning opportunities within the social determinants of health and mental health; effects on preclinical and clinical education; regulatory and accreditation changes affecting HPE; and stress and workload on students and faculty. This publication summarizes the presentations and panel discussions from the workshop.
84 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-68254-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-68267-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26210
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Lessons Learned in Health Professions Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Part 1: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a "delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services". The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access.
On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
230 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-46156-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-46164-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26134
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
On March 17, 2021, the Forum on Microbial Threats of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Health and Medicine Division hosted a virtual workshop on considering COVID-19 through a syndemic approach (analyzing the health consequences and interactions of multiple epidemics within a population in combination with underlying social, environmental, and economic drivers) and the implications that perspective might have for the ongoing response efforts in the United States and around the world. In addition, the meeting sought to raise prospective ideas for enhancing resilience and preparedness for future outbreaks.
This event kicked off the forum's initiative to evaluate lessons learned from the pandemic and served as a framing workshop for thinking about its long-term, cross-sectoral, and global impacts. Speakers and panelists addressed (1) the biological and social determinants of health that are involved in identifying and describing syndemics; (2) the reasons for and implications of using the syndemic framing for COVID-19, based on the influence of particular geographic and community contexts on localized disease impacts; and (3) why thinking about COVID-19 and other disease outbreaks through a syndemic lens is important for public health officials and the general public. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop. A broad range of perspectives were shared during the event.
11 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-08586-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26259
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Using Syndemic Theory and the Societal Lens to Inform Resilient Recovery from COVID-19: Toward a Post-Pandemic World: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
To explore various aspects of faculty development, the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop in August 2020 titled Health Professions Faculty for the Future. At the workshop, presenters provided examples of how educators are using effective teaching strategies and of practices in health professional education. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
86 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-16011-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-22260-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26041
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Health Professions Faculty for the Future: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a virtual workshop on July 21-23, 2020, to discuss the biological impacts, cultural influences, prevalent causes, and intervention strategies related to fear of violence. This publication highlights the presentations of the workshop.
10 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-21906-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26038
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Managing, Reducing, and Preventing Fear of Violence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
As we continue to confront the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, an "all-society response" could begin to address concerns about testing, containing the spread, providing countermeasures, and maintaining the supply chain. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for Global Health and Safety convened a virtual workshop on June 25-26, 2020 to review best practices from past PPP epidemic and pandemic responses to determine if those frameworks have applications to the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop explored PPP innovations that are addressing COVID-19 in other countries; examined PPP pandemic responses that expand the distribution of global public goods; and discussed PPP pandemic responses that enable the development of a global health security agenda. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
9 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-68572-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25999
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Public–Private Partnership Responses to COVID-19 and Future Pandemics: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
To draw attention to health determinants and health inequities among populations that live in urban environments and to explore challenges faced in establishing urban population health, the Forum on Public-Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety hosted a 1.5-day workshop on the role of health-focused public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the urban context. The workshop, held June 13-14, 2019, in Washington, DC, aimed to illuminate some of the intervention strategies that have been designed to attenuate these urban health issues and highlighted the importance of PPPs and urban-level governance in remediation efforts. By facilitating discussion among participants in both the public and private sectors, as well as among policy makers, the workshop served as a platform to share best practices on how to address health challenges through interventions that target healthier urban populations. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
130 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-67707-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67708-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25790
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Health-Focused Public–Private Partnerships in the Urban Context: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
The social determinants of mental health involve the economic, social, and political conditions into which one is born that influence a person's mental health - and, in particular, that affect the likelihood a person raised in deficient or dangerous conditions often associated with poverty will develop persistent mental health challenges throughout his or her life.
To explore how health professions education and practice organizations and programs are currently addressing social determinants that contribute to mental health disparities across the lifespan, the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop in Washington, DC on November 14-15, 2019. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
118 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-67293-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67294-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25711
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Mental Health: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in collaboration with the InterAcademy Partnership and the European Academies Science Advisory Committee held a workshop in November 2019 to bring together researchers and public health officials from different countries and across several relevant disciplines to explore what is known, and what critical knowledge gaps remain, regarding existing and possible future risks of harmful infectious agents emerging from thawing permafrost and melting ice in the Arctic region. The workshop examined case studies such as the specific case of Arctic region anthrax outbreaks, as a known, observed risk as well as other types of human and animal microbial health risks that have been discovered in snow, ice, or permafrost environments, or that could conceivably exist. The workshop primarily addressed two sources of emerging infectious diseases in the arctic: (1) new diseases likely to emerge in the Arctic as a result of climate change (such as vector-borne diseases) and (2) ancient and endemic diseases likely to emerge in the Arctic specifically as a result of permafrost thaw. Participants also considered key research that could advance knowledge including critical tools for improving observations, and surveillance to advance understanding of these risks, and to facilitate and implement effective early warning systems. Lessons learned from efforts to address emerging or re-emerging microbial threats elsewhere in the world were also discussed. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
96 pages
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7 x 10
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-68125-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-68126-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25887
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Understanding and Responding to Global Health Security Risks from Microbial Threats in the Arctic: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Public-Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety convened a workshop on October 23-24, 2019, to examine the enabling environments for public- private partnerships in global health at the national, municipal, and community levels. Panelists presented case studies on the mechanics of building a partnership in a specific region, described the conditions that the private sector needs to establish itself in that region, and discussed how a country's public-sector leaders prepare to accept private sector partners in collaborative efforts that provide health care products and services intended to support and advance the public good. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
9 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-68182-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25904
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Public–Private Partnerships for Global Health at the National, Municipal, and Community Levels: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
This workshop, the first in a series on the topic of vaccine access and vaccine hesitancy, took place via Zoom on May 28, 2020. The remaining meetings are scheduled for August 17-20, 2020. The coronavirus pandemic made clear that people want scientific information, but many distrust it at the same time, making questions of vaccine hesitancy even more prominent. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
5 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-68160-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25895
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Vaccine Access and Hesitancy: Part One of a Workshop Series: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
On December 4-5, 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 1.5-day public workshop titled Exploring the Frontiers of Innovation to Tackle Microbial Threats. The workshop participants examined major advances in scientific, technological, and social innovations against microbial threats. Such innovations include diagnostics, vaccines (both development and production), and antimicrobials, as well as nonpharmaceutical interventions and changes in surveillance. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
178 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-67533-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67534-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25746
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Exploring the Frontiers of Innovation to Tackle Microbial Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Since 2004, the U.S. government has supported the global response to HIV/AIDS through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The Republic of Rwanda, a PEPFAR partner country since the initiative began, has made gains in its HIV response, including increased access to and coverage of antiretroviral therapy and decreased HIV prevalence. However, a persistent shortage in human resources for health (HRH) affects the health of people living with HIV and the entire Rwandan population.
Recognizing HRH capabilities as a foundational challenge for the health system and the response to HIV, the Government of Rwanda worked with PEPFAR and other partners to develop a program to strengthen institutional capacity in health professional education and thereby increase the production of high-quality health workers. The Program was fully managed by the Government of Rwanda and was designed to run from 2011 through 2019. PEPFAR initiated funding in 2012. In 2015, PEPFAR adopted a new strategy focused on high-burden geographic areas and key populations, resulting in a reconfiguration of its HIV portfolio in Rwanda and a decision to cease funding the Program, which was determined no longer core to its programming strategy. The last disbursement for the Program from PEPFAR was in 2017.
Evaluation of PEPFAR's Contribution (2012-2017) to Rwanda's Human Resources for Health Program describes PEPFAR-supported HRH activities in Rwanda in relation to programmatic priorities, outputs, and outcomes and examines, to the extent feasible, the impact on HRH and HIV-related outcomes. The HRH Program more than tripled the country's physician specialist workforce and produced major increases in the numbers and qualifications of nurses and midwives. Partnerships between U.S. institutions and the University of Rwanda introduced new programs, upgraded curricula, and improved the quality of teaching and training for health professionals. Growing the number, skills, and competencies of health workers contributed to direct and indirect improvements in the quality of HIV care. Based on the successes and challenges of the HRH program, the report recommends that future investments in health professional education be designed within a more comprehensive approach to human resources for health and institutional capacity building, which would strengthen the health system to meet both HIV-specific and more general health needs. The recommendations offer an aspirational framework to reimagine how partnerships are formed, how investments are made, and how the effects of those investments are documented.
298 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-67205-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67206-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25687
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Evaluation of PEPFAR's Contribution (2012-2017) to Rwanda's Human Resources for Health Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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